Metallic Materials Resistant to Molten Zinc

Refractory boron compounds are shown to resist corrosion by molten zinc. Coatings were made from ferroboron and manganese boron by several methods: welding, hard facing, and pack diffusion; and techniques of coatings are very important. Mechanical failure of the diffusion coatings can be partially eliminated by applying them to type 416 chromium steels rather than carbon steels. Welded coatings made with a tungsten arc are better than those made by other welding methods. Sintered compacts of mixtures of iron and chromium borides developed strengths of about 30,000 psi. They resisted corrosion of zinc at 600°C and oxidation at higher temperatures.     

Intense source of spin-polarized electrons

Spin angular momentum conservation in chemiionization reactions involving optically oriented He(2(3)S) atoms in a flowing helium afterglow has been exploited to yield a source of spin-polarized electrons. Either transversely or longitudinally polarized electrons can be extracted. Polarized electron beam currents of approximately 2 muA have been realized at 40% polarization. The beam has an effective emittance of approximately 2 mrad/cm over the energy range 100-400 eV, an energy spread of less, similar0.15 eV, and the polarization is readily reversible. The source is relatively inexpensive and appears suitable for the majority of low-energy spin-dependent scattering experiments proposed to date.     

Modification of porous polyacrylonitrile membrane

The effects of the modification of polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration membranes with sodium hydroxide are discussed. The NaOH-induced hydrolysis of nitrile groups on the membrane surface results in membranes with decreasing pore diameter. The average pore diameter changes from 2.6 to 0.6 nm in the progress of hydrolysis. The modified membranes are less prone for protein deposition. Fouling causes a pore diameter reduction of 80% for the untreated and 20% for the modified membranes. Modification results also in the creation of the membranes working in the nanofiltration mode. The unmodified membrane does not reject salt while a membrane immersed in the modification bath is capable of rejecting about 50% of calcium carbonate.     

Twin stability in highly nanotwinned Cu under compression,torsion and tension

Twin stability under four distinct mechanical loading states has been investigated for highly nanotwinned Cu containing parallel nanotwins ～40 nm thick. Observed deformation-induced microstructural changes under tension, compression, tension–tension fatigue and torsion are qualitatively compared in order to assess twin stability as a function of the loading direction and stress. It is observed that the twins are very stable although small microstructural changes vary with deformation mode. Shear bands, deformation-induced grain growth and detwinning are also discussed.     

Evaluation of stress during and after sputter deposition of Cu and Ta films

The stress evolution of magnetron sputtered copper and tantalum films is presented for samples prepared at various sputtering pressures and powers. In-situ stress values were calculated using measurements from a Multi-beam Optical Stress Sensor (MOSS) system, while ex-situ stress values were calculated using measurements from a stylus profilometer. Extensive microstructural and surface analysis were performed by several techniques and related to the stress state of the film. The results demonstrate that during deposition, independent of the adatom mobility, the stress curves are initially compressive at low sputtering pressures, while at the highest sputtering pressure (1.4 Pa) the stress trend is always tensile. Meanwhile, the stress curves after deposition show a tensile trend for both materials at all sputtering pressures.