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31.
In this study, the relationship between sensory evaluation and several objective metrics of beef tenderness was tested. Objective metrics included shear force, sarcomere length, collagen content, myofibrillar, and sarcoplasmic protein solubility and particle size analysis. These results were compared to consumer panel scores of tenderness for the same aged beef striploin (longissimus lumborum muscle) samples. There was found to be a significant relationship between sarcomere length, shear force, and particle size with tenderness scores. Collagen content and protein solubilities were not associated to tenderness scores (p > 0.05). Sarcomere length contributions for explaining tenderness variation were overlapped by the contributions of shear force (collinearity). Independent models demonstrated that the lower 95% confidence interval of the fitted regression line exceeded 50% acceptance of tenderness when shear force values <42.6 N and when particle size values <198 μm. We can recommend these as thresholds for consumer acceptance of beef tenderness, although considerations of sample type, analytical methodology, and consumer demographics should be made prior to their adoption. This provision was based on the variation in tenderness scores evident between individual panelists and experimental striploins.  相似文献   
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The human undergoing rapid and sustained weight loss by very low calorie dieting (VLCD) derives the majority of daily energy needs from adipose fatty acids. To evaluate the rates of metabolic utilization of individual fatty acids in humans, two groups of adult women outpatients were studied during major weight loss by VLCD. The diets used were either food or formula, providing the recommended dietary allowance for minerals and vitamins, with fat contents of 2–20 g/d. Group 1 consisted of 10 subjects [initial body mass index (BMI) 32.7, 157% of ideal body weight (IBW)] with a mean loss of 17.7 kg in 3–5 months. Group 2 consisted of 14 subjects (initial BMI 36.7, 167% of IBW) with a mean loss of 25.6 kg in 4–5 months. Adipose tissue biopsies were obtained by needle aspiration from Group 1 before and after weight loss and from Group 2 before, at the midpoint, and after weight loss. With weight loss in Group 1, the adipose tissue content of 18∶1ω9, 18∶2ω6, and 20∶4ω6 did not change, but 18∶3ω3 fell (0.67 to 0.56 wt%, p<0.0001) as did 20∶5ω3 (0.08 to 0.05, p<0.01). Adipose tissue 22∶6ω3 rose from 0.03 to 0.07 (p<0.01). In Group 2, only 18∶3ω3 showed a change, falling from 0.71 to 0.69 to 0.59 wt% across weight loss (p=0.03 by analysis of variance). We conclude that the major fatty acids are oxidized in proportion to their composition in adipose triglyceride. The significant reduction in the concentration of 18∶3ω3 during weight loss is unique among fatty acids. Its accelerated removal from adipose tissue indicates either a preferential step in β-oxidation or a defined need during supplemented fasting which exceeds its rate of provision from adipose stores. This work was presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Washington, D.C., 1988.  相似文献   
33.
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that is essential for the regulation of many important cellular activities, including proliferation and differentiation. Current techniques for detecting protein phosphorylation in single cells often involve the use of fluorescence markers, such as antibodies or genetically expressed proteins. In contrast, infrared spectroscopy is a label-free and noninvasive analytical technique that can monitor the intrinsic vibrational signatures of chemical bonds. Here, we provide direct evidence that protein phosphorylation in individual living mammalian cells can be measured with synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform-infrared (SR-FT-IR) spectromicroscopy. We show that PC12 cells stimulated with nerve growth factor (NGF) exhibit statistically significant temporal variations in specific spectral features, correlating with changes in protein phosphorylation levels and the subsequent development of neuron-like phenotypes in the cells. The spectral phosphorylation markers were confirmed by bimodal (FT-IR/fluorescence) imaging of fluorescently marked PC12 cells with sustained protein phosphorylation activity. Our results open up new possibilities for the label-free real-time monitoring of protein phosphorylation inside cells. Furthermore, the multimolecule sensitivity of this technique will be useful for unraveling the associated molecular changes during cellular signaling and response processes.  相似文献   
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We devised a diagnosis and management algorithm for acute onset of central diabetes insipidus (CDI), and conducted a retrospective evaluation of its efficacy. Fourteen patients admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) over a three year period were diagnosed with acute CDI secondary to various brain injuries. All patients were treated as per the algorithm guidelines. The initial dose of aqueous vasopressin ranged from 0.25 to 1.0 mU/kg/h. Low sodium content solution (0-0.5 normal saline) was used to replace urine output in excess of 3 ml/kg/h and for maintenance fluid therapy. The therapeutic goals included: urine output 2-3 ml/kg/h, urine specific gravity 1.010-1.020 and serum sodium 140-145 mEq/l. The pitressin dose was adjusted as deemed necessary to achieve the aforementioned goals. Our results indicate that urine specific gravity is the most sensitive parameter to respond to treatment. It was the best determinant of the adequacy of pitressin dose as it had the best linear correlation with it (r = 0.96; p = 0.009). Urine output was second best (r = 0.93; p = 0.02), whereas no linear correlation was established between pitressin dose and serum sodium concentration, nor with serum osmolality. We conclude that the algorithm developed and used by us for the management of CDI is generally efficacious. Changes in urine specific gravity follow changes in pitressin dose very closely and thus should be used as the primary parameter for determination of intravenous pitressin dose adjustment.  相似文献   
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Abstract  The 'diseases oriented' approach to teaching medicine was used as a basis for computer presented problems to first and second year clinical students. Performance on one of the problems was analysed retrospectively to compare students who had attended innovatory Problem Based Learning (PBL) tutorials with those who experienced only the computer presentations. Results suggest that after such tutorial experience, students reached diagnoses quicker, displayed less rigid history taking, and were more responsive to the information they gathered.  相似文献   
38.
Editorial     
Ralph T. Holman 《Lipids》1985,20(12):iii-iii
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The selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan was administered chronically (0.8 mg/kg per h) to rats for a period of 10 days via osmotic minipumps. On day 11, 24 h after removal of the pumps, the rats were anaesthetised and microdialysis probes were implanted into either the frontal cortex or hippocampus. Basal noradrenaline release in the frontal cortex was significantly elevated compared with the saline control group. Each animal was then challenged with idazoxan (10 mg/kg s.c.). Inhibition of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors resulted in a significant increase in noradrenaline release in the saline control group. However, animals treated chronically with idazoxan, showed a markedly attenuated response to the single dose idazoxan challenge in the frontal cortex. No significant change in either basal release or in response to idazoxan challenge was observed in the hippocampus in the chronic idazoxan-treated animals as compared with the chronic saline control group. Chronic idazoxan administration results in selective enhancement of noradrenaline release in the frontal cortex but not in the hippocampus. This would be consistent with a down-regulation of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors with the subsequent loss of presynaptic noradrenergic negative feedback inhibition.  相似文献   
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