Psychology in China.

Based on meetings with Chinese psychologists, a report is presented indicating that psychologists in the People's Republic of China are engaged in research concerning theory, Chinese language, child development, vision, audition, and areas of physiological psychology including acupuncture, pain, memory, and CNS functioning. The Institute of Psychology within the Chinese Academy of Sciences represents the center for psychological research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of hydrogen on the Young's modulus of iron

A Bordoni type apparatus was used to measure the change of the apparent Young's modulus ofα-Fe induced by hydrogen. The solution of the flexural vibration equation of a beam under stress indicatesE = C(σ)ω ². If the resonant frequencies of the first and the third tone are measured at about the same time,E andσ can be calculated. The change of the apparent Young's modulus after charging with hydrogen is defined as ΔE = ΔE ₁(H) + ΔE ₂, where ΔE ₁(H) relates to the change of the perfect crystal interatomic cohesive force and ΔE ₂ is induced by the change of stress. An artificially partial stress relaxation test was carried out to measure ΔE ₂. The results show that during aging, after both charging with hydrogen and artificial stress releasing, the change of the apparent modulus is the same,i.e., ΔE = ΔE ₂. Thus, the ΔE ₁(H) associated with the interatomic cohesive force does not evidently change during aging with escaped hydrogen of 7 to 8 wppm at room temperature,i.e., this amount of hydrogen does not decrease the interatomic cohesive force ofα-Fe.     

The influence of hydrogen on atomic binding energy,critical slip shear stress,and fatigue crack propagation rate of aluminum single crystals

The critical slip shear stress of pure aluminum (99.999. pet) single crystals was reduced after hydrogen-charging. The atomic binding energy of aluminum was studied with a secondary ion microprobes mass analyzer, and it was found that this binding energy was reduced about 11 pct after hydrogen-charging. These two effects were used to explain the fact that the fatigue crack propagation rate of pure aluminum single crystals was accelerated after hydrogen-charging.     

Fibrin-Based Drug Delivery Systems. II. The Preparation and Characterization of Microbeads

An emulsion method was employed to prepare fibrin beads having different sizes in this study. The oil phase of emulsion system was consisted of mineral oil with various amount of oleic acid as surfactant. Fibrin was converted from fibrinogen with thrombin in Tris buffer solution, then the mixture was emulsified into the oil phase forming droplets. After curing for one hour, 400 ul of glutaraldehyde solution (0.5% v/v) was added to minimize coagulation. The recovery of fibrin beads was simply done by decanting the oil phase and washing the residual with diethyl ether once and then with a mixture of isopropanol and n-hexane (1:3) containing 0.2% w/v Tween 80 twice. As expected, increasing the amount of oleic acid in the oil phase decreased the size of fibrin beads. It is due to the decrease of interfacial tension with increasing oleic acid amount. The presence of macromolecules showed no interference on the formation of fibrin beads except lysozyme. The diffusion characteristics of fibrin beads was evaluated using macromolecules of different molecular weight as model. The size of fibrin beads affected the penetration rate, whereas the effect of molecular weight of macromolecules was inconclusive. An exponential equation was able to approximate the penetration of macromolecules into fibrin beads during the late-time period. The possibility of using fibrin beads as the carrier to deliver protein drugs was appreciated.     

Electroluminescent studies of emission characteristics of InGaAsN/GaAs injection lasers in a wide temperature range

Light-current, spectral, and far-field characteristics of InGaAsN injection lasers on GaAs substrates were studied in a wide temperature range (77–300 K) at various driving current densities. The increase in indium content in InGaAsN solid solution results in a modification of the QW structure, which is manifested in the spontaneous formation of InGaAsN nanoclusters. These changes result in N-shaped temperature dependences of the threshold current density and slope efficiency.     

Organosoluble, Low-Colored Fluorinated Polyimides Based on 1,1-Bis[4-(4-amino-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenyl]-1-phenyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethane

A novel trifluoromethyl-substituted bis(ether amine) monomer, 1,1-bis[4-(4-amino-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenyl]-1-phenyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, was synthesized that led to a series of novel fluorinated polyimides via chemical imidization route when reacted with various commercially available aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydrides. These polyimides were highly soluble in a variety of organic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and N,N -dimethylacetamide, and most of them could afford transparent, low-colored, and tough films. These polyimides exhibited glass-transition temperatures (T _gs) of 227–269 °C and showed no significant decomposition below 500 °C under either nitrogen or air atmosphere. These polyimides had low dielectric constants of 2.87–3.17 at 10 kHz, low water uptake of 0.13%–0.58%, and an ultraviolet-visible absorption cutoff wavelength at 364–410 nm. For a comparative study, a series of analogous polyimides based on 1,1-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]-1-phenyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethane were also prepared and characterized.     

In situ WAXD study of structure changes during uniaxial deformation of ethylene-based semicrystalline ethylene-propylene copolymer

In situ strain-induced structure changes during uniaxial deformation of an ethylene-propylene copolymer, containing 78 wt% (or 85 mol%) of ethylene moiety, were studied by synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The chosen sample could crystallize into orthorhombic, pseudo hexagonal or a mixed form, depending on the annealing conditions. Crystallization at high temperatures (e.g. 50 °C) favored the formation of orthorhombic form, while crystallization at low temperatures (e.g. 20 °C) favored the formation of pseudo hexagonal form. Under deformation, the transition from orthorhombic to pseudo hexagonal form was observed at relatively low strains (e.g. 0.12). At higher strains, WAXD data indicated the occurrence of direction-dependent crystal destruction at strains <0.25 and subsequent re-crystallization with extended-chain conformation at high strains (>1.0) all of the pseudo hexagonal form. The drastic changes in the crystalline structures (orthorhombic to pseudo hexagonal) and phase transitions (crystal destruction and re-crystallization) at modest strains can be attributed to the high mobility of the amorphous ethylene-propylene segments at room temperature.     

Study of a sandwich structure of transparent conducting oxide films prepared by electron beam evaporation at room temperature

ABSTRACT: Transparent conducting ZnO/Ag/ZnO multilayer electrodes having electrical resistance much lower than that of widely used transparent electrodes were prepared by ion-beam-assisted deposition (IAD) under oxygen atmosphere. The optical parameters were optimized by admittance loci analysis to show that the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) film can achieve an average transmittance of 93%. The optimum thickness for high optical transmittance and good electrical conductivity was found to be 11 nm for Ag thin films and 40 nm for ZnO films, based on the admittance diagram. By designing the optical thickness of each ZnO layer and controlling process parameters such as IAD power when fabricating dielectric-metal-dielectric films at room temperature, we can obtain an average transmittance of 90% in the visible region and a bulk resistivity of 5 x 10^-5 ohm-cm. These values suggest that the transparent ZnO/Ag/ZnO electrodes are suitable for use in dye-sensitized solar cells.