Characteristics of Milk Powders Produced by Spray Freeze Drying

Skim and whole milk powders were manufactured at lab scale by spray freeze drying (SFD), using liquid nitrogen as the cryogen. The polydispersity of droplet/particle sizes was limited using an encapsulator nozzle to atomize the feed. Particle morphology was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Samples were compared with equivalent spray-dried powders in tests of wettability and dissolution in water. The spray freeze-dried powders were found to be highly porous, with a uniform structure of pores throughout the entire particles. When tested in water, SFD skim milk powders wetted roughly three times as fast as industrially spray-dried agglomerated skim milk powders and were observed to dissolve rapidly by breaking down into smaller particles.     

Analysis of Indentation Crack as a Wedge-Loaded Half-Penny Crack

Surface cracks produced by indentation with a Vickers indenter were modeled as half-penny cracks extended by symmetric disk-shaped wedges. The wedge diameter was assumed to be equal to the hemispherical plastic zone size, and the wedge thickness was calculated by equating the wedge volume to the hardness-impression volume. The resulting equilibrium relation between the indentation load and the radius of the half-penny crack is in good quantitative agreement with similar relations obtained from fracture toughness calibration.     

Gamma ray-irradiated induced effects on SCN ligand-based MMTC single crystals for optoelectronic applications synthesized by SR method

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - Nonlinear optical organometallic single crystal of manganese mercury thiocyanate (MMTC) has been grown by SR method in aqueous solution. The...     

Ultrathin Lithiophilic 3D Arrayed Skeleton Enabling Spatial-Selection Deposition for Dendrite-Free Lithium Anodes

Lithium metal batteries are promising to become a new generation of energy storage batteries. However, the growth of Li dendrites and the volume expansion of the anode are serious constraints to their commercial implementation. Herein, a controllable strategy is proposed to construct an ultrathin 3D hierarchical host of honeycomb copper micromesh loaded with lithiophilic copper oxide nanowires (CMMC). The uniquely designed 3D hierarchical arrayed skeletons demonstrate a surface-preferred and spatial-selective effect to homogenize local current density and relieve the volume expansion, effectively suppressing the dendrite growth. Employing the constructed CMMC current collector in a half-cell, >400 cycles with 99% coulombic efficiency at 0.5 mA cm⁻² is performed. The symmetric battery cycles stably for >2000 h, and the full battery delivers a capacity of 166.6 mAh g⁻¹. This facile and controllable approach provides an effective strategy for constructing high-performance lithium metal batteries.     

Applications of ultra-high solar flux

Nonimaging optics provides a means of concentrating light to intensities approaching the theoretical limit. In experiments at the University of Chicago, we measured a concentration of 84,000 using a sapphire concentrator. We are currently scaling up our experiments at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado. Our goals include a) measuring 50,000 suns using a borosilicate concentrator with total power collected approaching one kW, b) producing fullerenes by vaporizing carbon, and c) pumping solid state lasers using a side-pumping arrangement. Preliminary results indicate that we have delivered 50,000 suns through an aperture using a concentrator of unique design. In this paper, we report on this measurement and current designs for fullerene production and laser pumping.     

Change in coordination across phases of psychotherapy and outcome: Two mechanisms for the role played by patients' contribution to the alliance.

Investigated the mechanisms underlying associations between patients' contribution to the alliance and outcome by examining relations between change in the alliance over the course of treatment and improvement in Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (STDP) and Brief Adaptive Psychotherapy (BAP). Findings for STDP were consistent with 1 model about the role played by the alliance, according to which change in the alliance over the course of therapy is the vehicle for overall improvement. Results for BAP were consistent with the other main position proposed in the literature, which argues that a positive alliance provides the foundation for successful treatment. Discussion includes suggesting that it might prove useful in future research to group therapy approaches in terms of these 2 models and that this idea may explain 2 apparently contradictory sets of findings from previous studies on relations between change in the alliance and outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reliable Patterning,Transfer Printing and Post‐Assembly of Multiscale Adhesion‐Free Metallic Structures for Nanogap Device Applications

Patterning of metallic nanogaps with ultrasmall gap size on arbitrary substrates is of great importance for various applications in nanoelectronics, nanoplasmonics, and flexible optoelectronics. Common lithographic approaches suffer from limited resolution in defining ultrasmall nanogaps and restrictive available substrates for flexible and stretchable devices. In this work, a process portfolio to overcome the above limitations is proposed, enabling the fabrication of multiscale metallic nanogaps with reduced gap size on specific substrates for functional devices. The portfolio combines the recently developed sketch and peel lithography strategy, nanotransfer printing, and post‐mechanical assembly. Among the portfolio, the sketch and peel lithography strategy provides the unique capability to rapidly and reliably define multiscale adhesion‐free metallic nanostructures and nanogaps, which significantly facilitates the subsequent transfer printing process. Nanoplasmonic and nanoelectronic devices with ultrasmall nanogaps that are inaccessible with existing patterning approaches are fabricated to demonstrate the applicability of this fabrication strategy. The portfolio could also have potential for a variety of other applications in flexible and stretchable optics, electronics, and optoelectronics.