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71.
Igor E. Agranovski Oleg V. Pyankov Igor S. Altman 《Aerosol science and technology》2013,47(11):1048-1055
Mailing envelopes containing pathogenic spores of bacillus anthraxes, which have recently been used by terrorists to infect humans, calls for a new investigation to identify a level of possible contamination of ambient air as a result of the opening of such envelopes. Here we show that opening an envelope and unfolding a letter aerosolize microbial particles located inside and create their cloud with the diameter equivalent to the length of the letter side along which it was folded. With no motion of an envelope recipient (first case study presented in this paper), the front of the cloud moves due to forced convection caused by the impulse at opening and reaches a human face (approximately 50 cm from the opening zone) in about 6 sec. The concentration of particles at that distance is about three times lower compared to the concentration in the source. Further spread of the cloud brings its front to the distances of 1 and 1.5 meters within 25 and 55 seconds with the corresponding concentrations of around 10% and 5% compared to the source respectively. The second case study presents the results for a more realistic scenario when an envelope recipient, after observing a dust cloud appearing as the result of the opening of the envelope, recoils in fright creating additional air flows significantly disturbing the aerosol propagation described in the former study. It was found theoretically and verified by experiments that the amount of particles captured by the letter recipient varies significantly depending on the geometrical characteristics of the human, distance to the opening zone, reaction time, and recoil velocity. 相似文献
72.
Igor E. Agranovski Ruth Huang Oleg V. Pyankov Igor S. Altman Sergey A. Grinshpun 《Aerosol science and technology》2013,47(11):963-968
Our novel concept utilizing continuous emission of unipolar ions, which has been recently proven to enhance the efficiency of facepiece respirators, was applied to conventional HVAC filters. Laboratory study demonstrated that the air ion emission in the vicinity of a low-efficiency HVAC filter significantly improves its performance. For example, the collection efficiency of two commercial HVAC filters challenged with 1μm PSL particles jumped from 5–15% (measured with no ion emission) to 40–90% (when the ion output rate was ~ 1012 e?/sec). The enhancement effect depends on the filter type and, generally, on the distance from the ion emitter to the filter surface. The results were explained as follows. The air ions with high mobility are deposited on the fibers forming a macroscopic electric field, which shield out some incoming unipolarly charged particles due to repelling forces. The field estimate has shown that this explanation is feasible. The enhancement effect seems to have a good potential to be employed in industrial and residential ventilation systems as it enhances the aerosol collection efficiency of a low-efficiency HVAC filter while not affecting its pressure drop. 相似文献
73.
Edgar Bonales-Alatorre Igor Pottosin Lana Shabala Zhong-Hua Chen Fanrong Zeng Sven-Erik Jacobsen Sergey Shabala 《International journal of molecular sciences》2013,14(5):9267-9285
Halophytes species can be used as a highly convenient model system to reveal key ionic and molecular mechanisms that confer salinity tolerance in plants. Earlier, we reported that quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a facultative C3 halophyte species, can efficiently control the activity of slow (SV) and fast (FV) tonoplast channels to match specific growth conditions by ensuring that most of accumulated Na+ is safely locked in the vacuole (Bonales-Alatorre et al. (2013) Plant Physiology). This work extends these finding by comparing the properties of tonoplast FV and SV channels in two quinoa genotypes contrasting in their salinity tolerance. The work is complemented by studies of the kinetics of net ion fluxes across the plasma membrane of quinoa leaf mesophyll tissue. Our results suggest that multiple mechanisms contribute towards genotypic differences in salinity tolerance in quinoa. These include: (i) a higher rate of Na+ exclusion from leaf mesophyll; (ii) maintenance of low cytosolic Na+ levels; (iii) better K+ retention in the leaf mesophyll; (iv) a high rate of H+ pumping, which increases the ability of mesophyll cells to restore their membrane potential; and (v) the ability to reduce the activity of SV and FV channels under saline conditions. These mechanisms appear to be highly orchestrated, thus enabling the remarkable overall salinity tolerance of quinoa species. 相似文献
74.
Nemanja M. Gavrilov Igor A. Pašti Jugoslav Krstić Miodrag Mitrić Gordana Ćirić-Marjanović Slavko Mentus 《Ceramics International》2013,39(8):8761-8765
Single phase tungsten carbide nanoparticles (WC-NPs), (mean particle diameter 5.4 nm), distributed over carbonized polyaniline (C-PANI) nanotubes/nanosheets were synthesized by a solid state reaction between WO3 and nitrogen-rich carbonized polyaniline at 1000 °C in a reducing atmosphere. The resulting composite was characterized by X-ray diffractometry, electron microscopy, thermogravimetry in oxidizing and reduction atmospheres and elemental analysis. We suggested that the synthesis of WC as a single phase was facilitated by reactive C atoms with dangling bonds, formed upon nitrogen removal. 相似文献
75.
Igor Danilenko Fedor Glazunov Tetyana Konstantinova Galina Volkova Valerij Burkhovetski 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2013,33(12):2321-2325
We have studied the effect of NiO on the sintering of yttria-stabilized zirconia at temperatures ranging from 1300 °C to 1500 °C in air and argon environments. It was found that the addition of NiO stabilized the cubic phase of ZrO2 independently from the sintering atmosphere. The monoclinic phase of ZrO2 formed only during sintering within the air environment at temperatures higher than 1450 °C. The transformation of NiO to Ni by reversible decomposition depends on the sintering atmosphere, and this can lead to variations in the nature of inclusions and in changes of the structure and properties of nanocomposite materials in the system ZrO2–NiO(Ni). NiO and Ni inclusions can increase the indentation fracture toughness of zirconia–nickel oxide composite material more than 50%, which can be compared with zirconia ceramics during sintering in a neutral atmosphere alone. 相似文献
76.
Various aspects of electrical and thermophysical properties of nanocomposites based on low‐density polyethylene matrix filled with nanostructuralized expanded graphite (EG) and standard, microsized graphite are presented in this article. A periodical method developed in the laboratory was used to measure simultaneously thermal conductivity, specific heat, and diffusivity of composites at room temperature. The effect of micro‐ and nanosized fillers on the final thermophysical and electrical behavior is investigated. It was found that the electrical conductivity of composites strongly depends not only on the filler content but also on the filler size. When the microsized graphite was used, the percolation concentration of the filler was found to be 15 vol%, whereas the percolation concentration of the filler in nanocomposites filled with EG of large sizes was significantly lower. Similarly, it was shown that the graphite significantly improves the thermophysical behavior of composites filled with micro‐ and nanofiller sizes. The thermal conductivity measured values were also compared with some theoretical models for the prediction of the thermal conductivity. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers 相似文献
77.
Tsai CC Mikes P Andrukh T White E Monaenkova D Burtovyy O Burtovyy R Rubin B Lukas D Luzinov I Owens JR Kornev KG 《Nanoscale》2011,3(11):4685-4695
We describe a method of fabrication of nanoporous flexible probes which work as artificial proboscises. The challenge of making probes with fast absorption rates and good retention capacity was addressed theoretically and experimentally. This work shows that the probe should possess two levels of pore hierarchy: nanopores are needed to enhance the capillary action and micrometer pores are required to speed up fluid transport. The model of controlled fluid absorption was verified in experiments. We also demonstrated that the artificial proboscises can be remotely controlled by electric or magnetic fields. Using an artificial proboscis, one can approach a drop of hazardous liquid, absorb it and safely deliver it to an analytical device. With these materials, the paradigm of a stationary microfluidic platform can be shifted to the flexible structures that would allow one to pack multiple microfluidic sensors into a single fiber. 相似文献
78.
79.
Nemanja Gavrilov Milica Vujkovi? Igor A. Pašti Gordana ?iri?-Marjanovi? Slavko V. Mentus 《Electrochimica acta》2011,(25):9197
The electrocatalytic activity of carbonized polyaniline nanostructures (Carb-nanoPANI) towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), estimated in 0.1 mol dm−3 KOH solution, was significantly improved upon a hydrothermal treatment in 1 mol dm−3 KOH solution. Namely, the onset of ORR was shifted by ∼70 mV to more positive potentials, and the number of electrons consumed per O2 molecule was enhanced in comparison to the original material. The number of electrons involved in ORR depended on loading, and with a loading of 0.5 mg cm−2, for the potentials lower than −0.5 V vs SCE, the number of electrons approached 4. For this material, high stability of electrochemical behavior and resistance to the poisoning by ethanol was evidenced by potentiodynamic cycling. 相似文献
80.
Grigory Kovtun Tatiana Kameneva Serhy Hladyi Mykhailo Starchevsky Yury Pazdersky Igor Stolarov Michael Vargaftik Ilya Moiseev 《Advanced Synthesis \u0026amp; Catalysis》2002,344(9):957-964
Redox disproportionation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde and toluene catalysed by the Pd561phen60(OAc)180 (phen=1,10‐phenanthroline) giant cluster 1 under anaerobic conditions was found, whereas in an O2 atmosphere cluster 1 catalyses the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde and inhibits further oxidation of the latter. A study of the AIBN‐initiated and non‐initiated oxidation of benzyl alcohol, sec‐butyl alcohol and styrene in the presence of cluster 1 revealed that cluster 1 performs three functions in the oxidation reactions: 1) catalysis of polar oxidation of the substrates with O2, 2) termination of the chains of radical oxidation, and 3) catalysis of redox disproportionation. 相似文献