Patent information services in India with special reference to drugs and pharmaceuticals

Patent information is useful to a wide spectrum of users. Chemical patent information is particularly useful to those concerned with innovations in this area, as the chemical patent literature is almost of the same size as the chemical journal literature. National and International patent laws and treaties greatly influence the size of patent literature, its dissemination and exploitation for economic development. Paris Convention, WIPO and PCT programmes have all played an important role in the field of patent information. In India, patent information has a very significant role to play because the country's present law offers wide-ranging opportunities from adaptive development on a foreign patent to its commercialization. Patent information services in India are provided by several organisations which include the Patent Office Headquarters at Calcutta and its branches at New Delhi, Bombay and Madras; Patent Information System, Nagpur; National Informatics Centre, New Delhi; Patent Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi; Technical Information Cell, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Hyderabad; National Chemical Laboratory, Pune and National Information Centre for Drugs and Pharmaceuticals, Lucknow. Many of these organisations cover all areas of technology whereas others are restricted to particular disciplines. National Information Centre for Drugs and Pharmaceuticals is one such specialised centre restricted to only drugs and pharmaceutical. Its services such as patent bulletin and patent searches on selected drugs have been well accepted by the users. The Centre's holdings of foreign patent literature are meagre and need to be strengthened by acquiring them mainly from the U.S.A., France, F.R.G., Japan, Italy and Switzerland which are the top six nations responsible for introducing new drug substances. With a computer now installed at the Centre, the Centre should acquire INPADOC database and collaborate with existing Patent Information System, Nagpur and National Informatics Centre, New Delhi for better services. A survey of the patent information services in the countries of Asia and the Pacific carried out by the International Bureau of WIPO has put India in the first category because here information services are rendered by both the Industrial property organisation and other outside agencies.     

Energy Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis of Elemental Distribution in Raw and Germinated Brown Rice Varieties

In this study, the mineral composition of germinated brown rice, brown rice, and white rice was evaluated. Brown rice grain was processed through a combination of chemical pretreatment and low oxygen treatment, after which germination was confirmed through imaging under a microscope. Using energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Mg, Al, and Cl were found to be slightly higher in germinated brown rice than in brown rice and white rice. These variations in the mineral content of germinated brown rice were attributed to the joint effect of the germination process and the prior soaking. The inability of energy dispersive X-ray to detect other minerals suggested that it was not sensitive and, hence, it was not suitable for studying elemental distribution in rice grains, or maybe the elements were not present in the rice grains studied.     

SIFO–VM/TIM universal biquad filter using single DVCCTA with fully CMOS realization

Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing - In the presented paper, a new biquad topology is reported and described wherein five various types of filtering responses in each voltage mode and...     

Adaptive Power Control Scheme for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Personal Communications - One of the major factors that affects the performance of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is its limited battery capacity. Mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSN)...     

Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure and Temperature on the Oxidation Behavior of SiB6

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - The oxidation kinetics of silicon hexaboride (SiB6) was studied at different partial pressures of oxygen. The specific weight gain was measured at...     

Synthesis of calix[6]arene based XAD‐4 material for the removal of reactive blue 19 from aqueous environments

This study describes the synthesis of calix[6]arene (C6) appended Amberlite XAD‐4 resin and its application for the removal of anthraquinone‐based reactive blue 19 (RB‐19) dye from aqueous environments. The C6‐resin 5 was characterized with various analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. Adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of the pH, adsorbent dosage, electrolyte, contact time, and temperature on the adsorption of RB‐19 dye onto the C6‐resin 5. From the results, we observed that the percentage adsorption of the RB‐19 dye was highly dependent on the concentration of electrolyte and the pH of the solution. The maximum adsorption was achieved at pH 9. The thermal study demonstrated that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. The isothermic study showed that the adsorption behavior could be better demonstrated by the Langmuir and Dubinin and Radushkevich isotherm model. From field studies, it has been concluded that C6‐resin 5 is an effective adsorbent for the removal of RB‐19 dye. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 776‐785, 2013     

Comparison of the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties in the Overlapping Region of Low Carbon Steel Additive Bead Fabricated by WAAM and FSP

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - The periodic structural characteristics of the grains in the overlapping region of the WAAM deposited additive bead translate into spatially dependent...     

A tree-based stacking ensemble technique with feature selection for network intrusion detection

Applied Intelligence - Several studies have used machine learning algorithms to develop intrusion systems (IDS), which differentiate anomalous behaviours from the normal activities of network...     

Properties of Injection Molded Composites Containing Corn Fiber and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)

Composites based on natural polymers alone are extremely sensitive to moisture and their mechanical properties deteriorate upon the absorption of water, limiting their usefulness in practical applications. Ongoing research cooperation between USDA and the University of Pisa, Italy, has yielded several composites based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and corn fibers (CF). In this study, variable amounts of CF and PVA were processed in the presence of both dry and liquid plasticizers, glycerol and pentaerythritol. Cornstarch was introduced in the formulation to reduce the cost and to further increase the composition of natural components in the composites. Composites made with as low as 30% PVA were injection molded into tensile bars and evaluated. The addition of starch moderately reduced the tensile properties of the composites, lowering the elongation (∼600% to 400%) and increasing Young's modulus (∼36 MPa to ∼100 MPa) while the ultimate tensile strength remained constant at about 8 MPa. Composites prepared from CF and PVA showed little change in their mechanical properties even after conditioning them at various relative humidities, or after soaking in water. Composites tested after storage for one year, at 50% relative humidity and 23°C, exhibited mechanical properties similar to those of freshly prepared composites. *Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standards of the product and the use of the name USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

Reinforcing Epoxy Polymer Composites Through Covalent Integration of Functionalized Nanotubes

Strong interfacial bonding and homogenous dispersion have been found to be necessary conditions to take full advantage of the extraordinary properties of nanotubes for reinforcement of composites. We have developed a fully integrated nanotube composite material through the use of functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The functionalization was performed via the reaction of terminal diamines with alkylcarboxyl groups attached to the SWNTs in the course of a dicarboxylic acid acyl peroxide treatment. Nanotube‐reinforced epoxy polymer composites were prepared by dissolving the functionalized SWNTs in organic solvent followed by mixing with epoxy resin and curing agent. In this hybrid material system, nanotubes are covalently integrated into the epoxy matrix and become part of the crosslinked structure rather than just a separate component. Results demonstrated dramatic enhancement in the mechanical properties of an epoxy polymer material, for example, 30–70 % increase in ultimate strength and modulus with the addition of only small quantities (1–4 wt.‐%) of functionalized SWNTs. The nanotube‐reinforced epoxy composites also exhibited an increased strain to failure, which suggests higher toughness.