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21.
Magee EW Dunn J Brown GV Cone KV Park J Porter FS Kilbourne CA Kelley RL Beiersdorfer P 《The Review of scientific instruments》2010,81(10):10E314
The calibration of the soft x-ray spectral response of a large radius of curvature, high resolution grating spectrometer (HRGS) with a back-illuminated charge-coupled device detector is reported. The instrument is cross-calibrated for the 10-50 A? waveband at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory electron beam ion trap (EBIT) x-ray source with the EBIT calorimeter spectrometer. The HRGS instrument is designed for laser-produced plasma experiments and is important for making high dynamic range measurements of line intensities, line shapes, and x-ray sources. 相似文献
22.
N. S. DeNigris J. A. Chervenak S. R. Bandler M. P. Chang N. P. Costen M. E. Eckart J. Y. Ha C. A. Kilbourne S. J. Smith 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2018,193(5-6):687-694
The X-ray integral field unit (X-IFU) is a cryogenic spectrometer for the Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics (ATHENA). ATHENA is a planned next-generation space-based X-ray observatory with capabilities that surpass the spectral resolution of prior missions. Proposed device designs contain up to 3840 transition edge sensors, each acting as an individual pixel on the detector, presenting a unique challenge for wiring superconducting leads in the focal plane assembly. In prototypes that require direct wiring, the edges of X-IFU focal plane have hosted aluminum wirebonding pads; however, indium (In) ‘bumps’ deposited on an interface layer such as molybdenum nitride (MoN) can instead be used as an array of superconducting interconnects. We investigated bumped MoN:In structures with different process cleans and layer thicknesses. Measurements of the resistive transitions showed variation of transition temperature Tc as a function of bias and generally differed from the expected bulk Tc of In (3.41 K). Observed resistance of the In bump structures at temperatures below the MoN transition (at 8.0 K) also depended on the varied parameters. For our proposed X-IFU geometry (10 µm of In mated to a 1-µm In bump), we measured a minimum Tc of 3.14 K at a bias current of 3 mA and a normal resistance of 0.59 mΩ per interconnect. We also investigated the design and fabrication of superconducting niobium (Nb) microstrip atop flexible polyimide. We present a process for integrating In bumps with the flexible Nb leads to enable high-density wiring for the ATHENA X-IFU focal plane. 相似文献
23.
Richenda K Connell BSc DPhil Robert Willows BA PhD Jacquelyn Harman BSc MSc Stephen Merrett BA MPhil D.Lit 《Water and Environment Journal》2005,19(4):352-360
Climate risk management is a new and evolving area and many decisions are likely to be affected by climate risks over the long-term. This paper presents a decision-making framework designed for managing climate alongside nonclimate risk factors. The framework describes a process that should help identify and manage these risks. It can be used to help decision-makers answer questions about whether adaptation is required, and, if so, which measures should be implemented. Adaptive management is recommended as a useful approach for dealing with climate and other uncertainties. This paper describes an application of the framework to a water resources case study. Feedback from training workshops based on four different case studies suggests the framework provides at minimum a useful (post-hoc) decision analysis tool. Potential users, who include planners, consultants and policy-makers have been largely positive about the prospective utility of the framework. 相似文献
24.
25.
Inam Ridha Ali Basiri Sudhakar Godeshala Md Zubair Ebne Rafique Deepanjan Ghosh Jason Williams Nikhilesh Chawla Jung Keun Lee Jacquelyn Kilbourne Yu Yao Kaushal Rege 《Advanced functional materials》2021,31(6):2007811
Poor strength, infection, leakage, long procedure times, and inflammation limit the efficacy of common tissue sealing devices in surgeries and trauma. Light-activated sealing is attractive for tissue sealing and repair, and can be facilitated by the generation of local heat following absorption of nonionizing laser energy by chromophores. Here, the inherent ability of biomaterials is exploited to absorb nonionizing, mid-infrared (midIR) light in order to engender rapid photothermal sealing and repair of soft tissue wounds. In this approach, the biomaterial simultaneously acts as a photothermal convertor as well as a biosealant, which dispenses the need for exogeneous light-absorbing nanoparticles or dyes. Biomechanical recovery, mathematical modeling, histopathology analyses, tissue strain mapping using digital imaging correlation, and visualization of the biosealant-tissue interface using hyperspectral imaging indicate superior performance of midIR sealing in live mice compared to conventional sutures and glue. The midIR-biosealant approach demonstrates rapid sealing of soft tissues, improves cosmesis, lowers potential for scarring, obviates safety concerns because of the nonionizing light used, and allows adoption of a wide diversity of biomaterials. Taken together, the studies demonstrate a novel advance both in biomaterials for surgical sealing along with the use of nonionizing midIR light, with high potential for clinical translation. 相似文献
26.
S. Kraft-Bermuth V. Andrianov A. Bleile A. Echler P. Egelhof S. Ilieva C. Kilbourne D. McCammon L. Zhang 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2012,167(5-6):765-770
The application of Calorimetric Low-Temperature Detectors (CLTDs) has been proposed at the Heavy-Ion TRAP facility HITRAP which is currently being installed at the Helmholtz Research Center for Heavy Ion Research GSI. This cold ion trap setup will allow the investigation of X-rays from ions practically at rest, for which the excellent energy resolution of CLTDs can be used to its full advantage. However, the relatively low intensities at HITRAP demand larger solid angles and an optimized cryogenic setup. The influence of external magnetic fields has to be taken into account. CLTDs will also be a substantial part of the instrumental equipment at the future Facility for Antiproton and Heavy Ion Research (FAIR), for which a wide variety of high-precision X-ray spectroscopy experiments has been proposed. This contribution will give an overview on the chances and challenges for the application of CLTDs at HITRAP as well as perspectives for future experiments at the FAIR facility. 相似文献
27.
J. A. Chervenak F. M. Finkbeiner S. R. Bandler R. Brekosky A. D. Brown N. Iyomoto R. L. Kelley C. A. Kilbourne F. S. Porter J. Sadleir S. Smith 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2008,151(1-2):255-260
Pursuing the feasibility of scaling conventionally-micromachined transition-edge-sensor (TES) arrays, we have undertaken a
study of materials suitable for array integration. A potential limitation of increased pixel count is adequate heatsinking
of each detector element to its base temperature. We describe technical approaches for heat sinking large compact TES microcalorimeter
arrays and calculate the achievable heatsinking based on measured material parameters. Techniques include backside-deposited
thick film copper on arrays with deep-etched wells in the substrates and electroplated gold and copper-filled micro-trenches
on the substrate surface. Another limitation is the sensitivity of the thin film circuit elements to applied stress, which
can arise in fabrication and mounting of arrays of increasing size. We have explored stress and deposition temperature sensitivity
in our molybdenum-based bilayers. Such process parameters can impact options for array heat sinking and electrical interconnects.
相似文献
28.
A.-D. Brown S. R. Bandler R. Brekosky J. A. Chervenak E. Figueroa-Feliciano F. Finkbeiner N. Iyomoto R. L. Kelley C. A. Kilbourne F. S. Porter S. Smith T. Saab J. Sadleir 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2008,151(1-2):413-417
Arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensors (TES) can provide high spatial and energy resolution necessary for X-ray
astronomy. High quantum efficiency and uniformity of response can be achieved with a suitable absorber material, in which
absorber X-ray stopping power, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity are relevant parameters. Here we compare these parameters
for bismuth and gold. We have fabricated electroplated gold, electroplated gold/electroplated bismuth, and evaporated gold/evaporated
bismuth 8×8 absorber arrays and find that a correlation exists between the residual resistance ratio (RRR) and thin film microstructure.
This finding indicates that we can tailor absorber material conductivity via microstructure alteration, so as to permit absorber
thermalization on timescales suitable for high energy resolution X-ray microcalorimetry. We show that by incorporating absorbers
possessing large grain size, including electroplated gold and electroplated gold/electroplated bismuth, into our current Mo/Au
TES, devices with tunable heat capacity and energy resolution of 2.4 eV (gold) and 2.1 eV (gold/bismuth) FWHM at 5.9 keV have
been fabricated.
A.-D. Brown’s and S. Smith’s research was supported in part by appointments to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA. 相似文献
29.
Perkins Kenneth A.; Levine Michele; Marcus Marsha; Shiffman Saul; D'Amico Deia; Miller Amy; Keins Andrea; Ashcom Jacquelyn; Broge Michelle 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2000,68(1):176
Because negative mood is a characteristic of both tobacco withdrawal and menstrual discomfort, withdrawal may vary by menstrual cycle phase. Tobacco withdrawal, mood, and menstrual discomfort were assessed in premenopausal women who quit smoking during either the follicular (Days 1–14 postmenstrual onset; n?=?41) or luteal (Day 15 or longer postmenstrual onset; n?=?37) phase of the menstrual cycle and maintained biochemically verified smoking abstinence during the postquit week. Women quitting during the luteal phase reported significantly greater increases in tobacco withdrawal and self-reported depressive symptoms than women quitting during the follicular phase. These results indicate that selecting a quit-smoking day early in the follicular phase may attenuate withdrawal and negative affect in premenopausal female smokers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
30.
Allen Joseph P.; Weissberg Roger P.; Hawkins Jacquelyn A. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1989,25(3):458
Examined relationships between the social competence of early adolescents, as viewed by different reference groups, and the values adolescents place on controversial social behaviors. Assessed social competence for 65 seventh- and eight-graders with self-ratings of perceived competence, peer sociometric status ratings, teacher ratings, and academic achievement tests. Ss also completed an inventory assessing their values toward controversial social behaviors. A factor reflecting adolescents' valuing of direct, constructive communication in social interactions was positively related to competence with all reference groups. However, a factor that reflected valuing conforming to adult norms was negatively related to status with peers but positively related to teacher ratings of competence. The role of social values in the developmental task of achieving autonomy in interactions with adults while maintaining positive social relationships with peers and adults is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献