聚合物表面性能对强化冷凝传热的影响

对离子束动态混合注入(DIMI)技术制备的黄铜、紫铜、不锈钢和碳钢管基聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)表面的冷凝传热实验发现,用不同加工条件制备的表面具有不同的化学组成、不均匀的表面状态以及不同的物理化学性质,从而导致不同的冷凝成滴面积和传热性能,而且表面加工条件对滴状冷凝传热的寿命有至关重要的作用,不同基体材料应有不同的最佳制备工艺条件.不同工艺条件下制备黄铜基PTFE表面水蒸气竖直管外冷凝传热通量比相应的膜状冷凝提高0.3-4.6倍,冷凝传热系数提高1.6-28.6倍.实验结果也表明冷凝表面基体材料对冷凝传热性能有一定的影响.     

位移电流及反射与折射对高频电磁波探测深度的影响

从麦克斯韦方程组出发,根据趋肤深度的计算公式分析了位移电流对电磁波传播的影响。考虑传导电流和位移电流的情况下,应用广义反射系数,导出层状介质中电磁波趋肤深度的精确计算方法,并对近似处理手段所带来的计算误差进行了分析。研究结果表明:位移电流对高频电磁波趋肤深度计算的影响较大;在某些频段忽略分界面处的反射与折射的处理方式带来的趋肤深度计算误差较大;表明了位移电流和分界面处反射与折射对高频电磁波传播的重要性。     

矿物掺合料再生混凝土力学性能研究

为探究矿物掺合料对再生混凝土(RAC)力学性能的提升作用,本试验采用预湿-二次搅拌法制备再生混凝土,系统开展单、复掺矿物掺合料再生混凝土力学性能研究.试验考虑再生混凝土强度等级、再生骨料取代率、矿物掺合料种类及取代率等因素,共设计23组试验配合比,研究再生混凝土立方体抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度经时变化规律.结果 表明,再生混凝土力学性能随强度等级升高而提升,随再生骨料取代率增大而下降.与未掺矿物掺合料的再生混凝土相比,单掺粉煤灰对再生混凝土力学性能提升效果较弱,单掺矿渣、硅灰的再生混凝土力学性能提升效果显著.养护龄期90 d时,矿渣再生混凝土劈裂抗拉强度最高提升12.7％,硅灰再生混凝土立方体抗压强度最高提升21.3％.粉煤灰-矿渣复掺对再生混凝土立方体抗压强度无提升效果,20％粉煤灰-10％矿渣复掺抗压强度甚至下降18.8％,粉煤灰-矿渣复掺对再生混凝土劈裂抗拉强度略有提升,最高为5.9％.粉煤灰-硅灰复掺对再生混凝土力学性能提升效果较好,立方体抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度最高分别提升9.7％和18.6％.     

聚合物涂层竖板上水蒸气滴状冷凝传热特性的研究

The plasma polymerization method and dynamic ion-beam mixed implantation method were employed to coat ultra-thin polymer films on copper plates. Experiments indicated that steady dropwise condensation of steam at atmospheric pressure occurred. The condensation heat transfer coefficients increased by approximately 3 and 5---7 times for the polytrimethylvinylsilane film and polytetrafiuoroethylene film respectively, compaxed with the value for film condensation under the same experimental conditions. The temperatures on the condensing surface and inside the test block were found to be rapidly and randomly fluctuated. The properties of the coated films and advantages of the methods used in this investigation were discussed briefly.     

2,6-二羟基改性PBO的AB型新单体的合成

研究了以2,6-二羟基-1-甲酯-1,4-苯二酸(α酯)与4-氨基-6-硝基间苯二酚盐酸盐(ANR·HCl)为原料经酰氯化、N-酰化、环合和催化加氢还原等一系列反应合成得到中间体4-[(2,4-二羟基-5-硝基苯基)氨甲酰基]-2,6-苯甲酸甲酯(2,6-DH-MNC)和4-(6-羟基-5-硝基-2-苯并 唑基)-2,6-苯甲酸甲酯(2,6-DH-MNB)及2,6-二羟基改性PBO的AB型新单体4-(5-氨基-6-羟基-2-苯并 唑基)-2,6-二羟基苯甲酸甲酯(2,6-DH-MAB),并对环合和催化还原加氢的反应条件进行了优化。结果表明:对于环合反应,以二乙二醇二甲醚为溶剂,多聚磷酸(PPA)为脱水剂,PPA中P₂O₅质量分数83%,w(2,6-DH-MNC):w(PPA)=1:6,反应温度140℃,反应时间8h,2,6-DH-MNB收率74.15%,HPLC纯度98.76%;催化加氢还原反应,以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂,w(5%Pd/C):w(2,6-DH-MNB)=1:20,氢气压力0.5~1MPa和温度60℃下反应3h得到2,6-DH-MAB,HPLC纯度99.69%,收率81.42%。中间体和产物结构经FT-IR、13C NMR、¹H NMR和ESI-MS表征确认。     

Chemical Synthesis of K34‐Ubiquitylated H2B for Nucleosome Reconstitution and Single‐Particle Cryo‐Electron Microscopy Structural Analysis

Post‐translational modifications (e.g., ubiquitylation) of histones play important roles in dynamic regulation of chromatin. Histone ubiquitylation has been speculated to directly influence the structure and dynamics of nucleosomes. However, structural information for ubiquitylated nucleosomes is still lacking. Here we report an alternative strategy for total chemical synthesis of homogenous histone H2B‐K34‐ubiquitylation (H2B‐K34Ub) by using acid‐cleavable auxiliary‐mediated ligation of peptide hydrazides for site‐specific ubiquitylation. Synthetic H2B‐K34Ub was efficiently incorporated into nucleosomes and further used for single‐particle cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) imaging. The cryo‐EM structure of the nucleosome containing H2B‐K34Ub suggests that two flexible ubiquitin domains protrude between the DNA chains of the nucleosomes. The DNA chains around the H2B‐K34 sites shift and provide more space for ubiquitin to protrude. These analyses indicated local and slight structural influences on the nucleosome with ubiquitylation at the H2B‐K34 site.     

Examination of the Deubiquitylation Site Selectivity of USP51 by Using Chemically Synthesized Ubiquitylated Histones

Histone ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation processes and the mechanisms of their regulation are closely relevant to the field of epigenetics. Recently, the deubiquitylating enzyme USP51 was reported to selectively cleave ubiquitylation on histone H2A at K13 or K15 (i.e., H2AK13Ub and H2AK15Ub), but not at K119 (i.e., H2AK119Ub), in nucleosomes in vivo. To elucidate the mechanism for the selectivity of USP51, we constructed structurally well-defined in vitro protein systems with a ubiquitin modification at precise sites. A total chemical protein synthesis procedure was developed, wherein hydrazide-based native chemical ligation was used to efficiently generate five ubiquitylated histones (H2AK13Ub, H2AK15Ub, H2AK119Ub, H2BK34Ub, and H2BK120Ub). These synthetic ubiquitylated histones were assembled into nucleosomes and subjected to in vitro USP51 deubiquitylation assays. Surprisingly, USP51 did not show preference between H2AK13/15Ub and H2AK119Ub, in contrast to previous in vivo observations. Accordingly, an understanding of the selectivity of USP51 may require consideration of other factors, such as alternative pre-existing histone modifications, competitive reader proteins, or different nucleosome quality among the in vivo extraction nucleosome and the in vitro reconstitution one. Further experiments established that USP51 in vitro could deubiquitylate a nucleosome carrying H2BK120Ub, but not H2BK34Ub. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that USP51-catalyzed hydrolysis of ubiquitylated nucleosomes was affected by steric hindrance of the isopeptide bond.     

铅试金富集-ICP-AES测定催化剂及含铑废水中的铑

用铅试金富集催化剂及含铑废水的铑并用钯作灰吹保护,得到钯、铑合粒。合粒经溶解后,用ICP-AES测定其中的铑。该法的富集效果好,钯基体对测定没有干扰,测定快速、准确,相对标准偏差小于1%(n=7),回收率大于97%。本法可用于含铑0.x%～0.000x%的测定。     

Cavitation optimization for a centrifugal pump impeller by using orthogonal design of experiment

Cavitation is one of the most important performance of centrifugal pumps. However, the current optimization works of centrifugal pump are mostly focusing on hydraulic efficiency only, which may result in poor cavitation performance. Therefore, it is necessary to find an appropriate solution to improve cavitation performance with acceptable efficiency. In this paper, to improve the cavitation performance of a centrifugal pump with a vaned diffuser, the influence of impeller geometric parameters on the cavitation of the pump is investigated using the orthogonal design of experiment(DOE) based on computational fluid dynamics. The impeller inlet diameter D_1, inlet incidence angle Δβ, and blade wrap angle φ are selected as the main impeller geometric parameters and the orthogonal experiment of L_9(3*3) is performed. Three-dimensional steady simulations for cavitation are conducted by using constant gas mass fraction model with second-order upwind, and the predicated cavitation performance is validated by laboratory experiment. The optimization results are obtained by the range analysis method to improve cavitation performance without obvious decreasing the efficiency of the centrifugal pump. The internal flow of the pump is analyzed in order to identify the flow behavior that can affect cavitation performance. The results show that D_1 has the greatest influence on the pump cavitation and the final optimized impeller provides better flow distribution at blade leading edge. The final optimized impeller accomplishes better cavitation and hydraulic performance and the NPSHR decreases by 0.63 m compared with the original one. The presented work supplies a feasible route in engineering practice to optimize a centrifugal pump impeller for better cavitation performance.     

磁流变微结构动压平面抛光试验研究

为提高集群磁流变平面抛光效率,在抛光盘表面增加微结构,以增强加工过程中的流体动压作用。使用平面抛光盘和表面加工有孔洞、V形槽、U形槽、矩形槽等不同微结构的抛光盘进行抛光试验及抛光压力特性试验,研究了加工间隙和工件转速对加工效果的影响。结果表明:抛光盘表面微结构对工件材料去除率影响较大,不同微结构盘材料去除率从大到小顺序为V形盘>U形盘>平面盘>孔洞盘>矩形盘,其中V形盘的材料去除率比平面盘高25%以上;所有抛光盘均能获得纳米级（R_a在8 nm以内）表面。当加工间隙为0.9~1.0 mm、工件转速为550 r/min时,加工效果较好。