On-line tuning PID parameters in an idling engine based on a modified BP neural network by particle swarm optimization

PID control systems are widely used in many fields, and many methods to tune the parameters of PID controllers are known. When the characteristics of the object are changed, the traditional PID control should be adjusted by empirical knowledge. This may result in a worse performance by the system. In this article, a new method to tune PID parameters, called the back-propagation network modified by particle swarm optimization, is proposed. This algorithm combines conventional PID control with a back propagation neural network (BPNN) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). This method is demonstrated in the engine idling-speed control problem. The proposed method provides considerable performance benefits compared with a traditional controller in this simulation.     

Applications, techniques, and microfluidic interfacing for nanoscale biosensing

Biosensors based on nanotechnology are rapidly developing and are becoming widespread in the biomedical field and analytical chemistry. For these nanobiosensors to reach their potential, they must be integrated with appropriate packaging techniques, which are usually based on nano/microfluidics. In this review we provide a summary of the latest developments in nanobiosensors with a focus on label-based (fluorescence and nanoparticle) and label-free methods (surface plasmon resonance, micro/nanocantilever, nanowires, and nanopores). An overview on how these sensors interface with nano/microfluidics is then presented and the latest papers in the area summarized.     

Electron beam lithography-assisted fabrication of Au nano-dot array as a substrate of a correlated AFM and confocal Raman spectroscopy

This paper documents a study of an Au nano-dot array that was fabricated by electron beam lithography on a glass wafer. The patterns that had features of 100nm dots in diameter with a 2-mum pitch comprised a total area of 200x200mum(2). The dot-shaped Cr underlayer was open to the air after developing Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). When dipped into the Cr etchant, the exposed Cr layer was eliminated from the glass wafer in a short period of time. In order to ultimately fabricate the Ti/Au dot arrays, Ti and Au were deposited onto the arrays with a thickness of 2 and 40nm, respectively. The lift-off procedure was carried out in the Cr etchant using sonication in order to completely remove the residual Cr/PMMA layer. The fabricated Au nano-dot array was then immersed in an Ag enhancing solution and then into an ethanol solution containing (N-(6-(Biotinamido)hexyl)-3'-(2'-pyridyldithio)-propionamide (Biotin-HPDP). The substrate was analyzed using a correlated atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal Raman spectroscopy. Through this procedure, position-dependent surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) signals could be obtained.     

Effect of matrix liquid phase on interphase formation in SiC fibre-reinforced Si2N2O-Al2O3-CaO composites

Matrix compositions based on Si₂N₂O, with Al₂O₃ and CaO additions, were used to hot press Nicalon SiC fibre-reinforced composites at 1600 °C. With both CaO and Al₂O₃ additions, eutectic melting formed an appreciable volume of liquid phase during hot pressing, which remained as a stable glassy phase in the cooled composites. This liquid phase fostered formation of 240 nm thick carbon-rich interphases between the fibres and the matrix. These interphases showed relatively low interfacial shear strength and resulted in composites which showed non-catastrophic, notch-independent fracture. Matrices using either Al₂O₃ or CaO did not form adequate liquid phase to form coarse interphases, and fracture was catastrophic in nature. Post-heat treatment of the composites at 1000 °C showed peripheral oxidation (removal of the carbon content of the interphase) indicating limited protection afforded when glassy phase was present in the matrix. Controlled cooling in the hot press did not cause the liquid regions to devitrify.     

Fractal and topological characterization of branching patterns on the fracture surface of cross-linked dimethacrylate resins

The branching patterns formed as a result of crack growth in dimethacrylate resins below their glass transition temperatures looked similar to fractal trees. The skeletons of the patterns were analysed numerically for their topological and geometrical properties. The number of branches, N _i , mean branch lengths, N _i , and branch angles of a particular order, defined according to the Strahler and inverted Weibel schemes, followed exponential scaling behaviour: N _i (R _b )^–i and L _i (R _l ) ⁱ . Using the relationship for the fractal dimension D=In R _B /In R _L , a value of D=1.4 was obtained for the fracture pattern. Fractal behaviour was also examined by the box-counting method which indicated a power-law dependence of the mass on the box size with fractal dimension exponent D=1.4 in the case of the fracture pattern. However, the mass-shell method for both the fracture pattern and the fractal trees gave an exponential increase of mass with distance from the origin, rather than the power-law behaviour expected for fractals. This was attributed to the fact that branches of different sizes were distributed in restricted regions of space closer to the periphery, rather than uniformly over the whole pattern.     

Latch Applicator for Efficient Delivery of Dissolving Microneedles Based on Rapid Release of Elastic Strain Energy by Thumb Force (Adv. Funct. Mater. 11/2023)

Dissolving microneedle (DMN) is an attractive alternative to parenteral and enteral drug administration owing to its painless self-administration and safety due to non-generation of medical waste. For reproducible and efficient DMN administration, various DMN application methods, such as weights, springs, and electromagnetic devices, have been studied. However, these applicators have complex structures that are complicated to use and high production costs. In this study, a latch applicator that consists of only simple plastic parts and operates via thumb force without any external complex device is developed. Protrusion-shaped latches and impact distances are designed to accumulate thumb force energy through elastic deformation and to control impact velocity. The optimized latch applicator with a pressing force of 25 N and an impact velocity of 5.9 m s⁻¹ fully inserts the drug-loaded tip of the two-layered DMN into the skin. In an ovalbumin immunization test, DMN with the latch applicator shows a significantly higher IgG antibody production rate than that of intramuscular injection. The latch applicator, which provides effective DMN insertion and a competitive price compared with conventional syringes, has great potential to improve delivery of drugs, including vaccines.     

Least squares decoding in binomial frequency division multiplexing

This paper proposes a method that can reduce the complexity of a system matrix by analyzing the characteristics of a pseudoinverse matrix to receive a binomial frequency division multiplexing (BFDM) signal and decode it using the least squares (LS) method. The system matrix of BFDM can be expressed as a band matrix, and as this matrix contains many zeros, its amount of calculation when generating a transmission signal is quite small. The LS solution can be obtained by multiplying the received signal by the pseudoinverse matrix of the system matrix. The singular value decomposition of the system matrix indicates that the pseudoinverse matrix is a band matrix. The signal-to-interference ratio is obtained from their eigenvalues. Meanwhile, entries that do not contribute to signal generation are erased to enhance calculation efficiency. We decode the received signal using the pseudoinverse matrix and the removed pseudoinverse matrix to obtain the bit error rate performance and to analyze the difference.     

New Mean-Squared-Error Filter Design Method for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Amplify-and-Forward Relay Systems with a Non-negligible Direct Link

Usage of Internet has increased enormously in this decade due to the pandemic began due to COVID19. Data in the form of Text, Image and Video are communicated across the world through mails, chat applications and meeting applications etc. Such third-party applications are vulnerable while sensitive information such as personal, financial, medical and military communications occurs. Visual Cryptography (VC) is an encryption scheme that protects data in the form of image. In source, VC encrypts the image by dividing into shares and distributes to the receiver side. At the destination, the shares are stacked together physically or digitally to reveal the original data. VC also uses cover images to enhance security. VC supports secret sharing of multiple images. In this research paper, a new Multiple grayscale Secret Image Sharing (MSIS) strategy is proposed for secure transmission of more than one grayscale secret image data to the destination. MSIS uses color cover images to enhance the security. It also minimizes the number of shares and cover images to reduce the complexity.

     

Robust Geodesic Regression

International Journal of Computer Vision - This paper studies robust regression for data on Riemannian manifolds. Geodesic regression is the generalization of linear regression to a setting with a...     

Revolving Vernier Mechanism Controls Size of Linear Homomultimer

A new kind of the Vernier mechanism that is able to control the size of linear assembly of DNA origami nanostructures is proposed. The mechanism is realized by mechanical design of DNA origami, which consists of a hollow cylinder and a rotatable shaft in it connected through the same scaffold. This nanostructure stacks with each other by the shape complementarity at its top and bottom surfaces of the cylinder, while the number of stacking is limited by twisting angle of the shaft. Experiments have shown that the size distribution of multimeric assembly of the origami depends on the twisting angle of the shaft; the average lengths of the multimer are decamer, hexamer, and tetramer for 0°, 10°, and 20° twist, respectively. In summary, it is possible to affect the number of polymerization by adjusting the precise shape and movability of a molecular structure.