A Comparative Study of High-Field Diamagnetic Fluctuations in Deoxygenated YBa2Cu3O7-x and Polycrystalline (Bi–Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10

We studied three single crystals of YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x, (Y123) with superconducting transition temperature, T_c=62.5, 52, and 41 K, and a highly textured polycrystalline specimen of (Bi–Pb)₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀ (Bi2223), with T_c=108K. Isofield magnetization data were obtained as a function of temperature, with the magnetic field applied parallel to the c axis of each sample. The reversible magnetization data for all samples exhibited a rounded transition as magnetization tended toward zero. The reversible data were interpreted in terms of two-dimensional diamagnetic lowest-Landau-level (LLL) fluctuation theory. The LLL scaling analysis yielded consistent values of the superconducting transition temperatures T_c(H) for the various samples. The resulting scaling data were fit well by the two-dimensional LLL expression for magnetization obtained by Tesanovic and colaborators, producing reasonable values of κ but the fitting parameter ∂H_c2/∂T produced values that were larger than the experimentally determined ones. We performed simultaneous scaling of Y123 data and Bi2223, obtaining a single collapsed curve. The single curve was obtained after multiplying the x and y axis of each scaling curve by appropriate sample-dependent scaling factors. An expression for the two-dimensional x-axis LLL scaling was extracted from theory, allowing comparison of theoretical values of the x-axis scaling factors with the experimental values. The comparison between the values of the x-axis produced a deviation of 40% which suggests that the hypothesis of universality of the two-dimensional LLL fluctuations is not supported by the studied samples. We also observe that Y123 magnetization data for temperatures above T_c obbey a universal scaling obtained for the diamagnetic fluctuation magnetization from a theory considering non-local field effects. The same scaling was not obbeyed by the corresponding magnetization calculated from the two-dimensional LLL theory.     

The wettability of titanium diboride by molten aluminum drops

Titanium diboride is widely accepted to be completely wet by liquid aluminum, yet few published wetting studies demonstrate this behavior, and reported contact angles vary widely. Sessile drop substrates from four different sources were selected and their microstructures and chemistries characterized. The results of sessile drop experiments using four techniques to modify oxide film behavior were compared. The Al-TiB₂ interfaces were examined in metallographic sections or after chemical removal of the Al drop. Al wets a material containing 5.5 wt% Ni in vacuum experiments before the hold temperature of 1025^° C is reached. The other TiB₂ substrates are completely wet by Al at 1025^° C, but only after prolonged holds under vacuum. Elimination of boron oxide from the TiB₂ surface leads to a spreading condition. The role of the substrate microstructure (porosity, grain size, roughness, and carbon content) in altering the wetting kinetics is discussed.     

Virtual private networks: leveraging the Internet

Proponents say virtual private networks could be the wave of the networking future for one very important reason: VPNs transmit data via the Internet, rather than via expensive traditional private networks. Proponents are quick to mention the significant cost savings organizations can realize by using networks that employ the Internet backbone as a data pipeline rather than networks that rely on leased lines, frame-relay technology, and dialup connections for private WANs. However, as with many Internet technologies, potential VPN users are concerned about possible security, reliability, and performance problems. ln addition, a lack of open standards has created concerns about compatibility. The industry is working toward adoption of such standards, but it remains to be seen whether this will lend credibility to VPN technology     

Using a microprocessor-based instrument to predict the incident energy from arc-flash hazards

With better understanding of arc flashes, the electrical safety industry continues to develop new safety procedures for electrical workspaces. To assess the potential arc hazards of a workspace, workers must rely on engineering fault studies to provide vital fault-current data. An instrument, based on a network impedance analyzer, determines the maximum flash-arc incident-energy exposure at a worksite within a few seconds. The digital analyzer measures the power system source impedance, X/R ratio, and the system voltage to predict the bolted fault current and incident energy, while the power distribution system is energized and in normal operation. The instrument computes the incident energy for standard electrical workspaces of an open-air arc and an enclosed box with one open side. Experiments have been conducted to verify the accuracy of the impedance and X/R ratio measurements.     

Calculation of neutron and gamma-ray energy spectra for fusion reactor shield design: Comparison with experiment-II

Measured and calculated neutron and gamma-ray energy spectra resulting from the transport of 14 MeV neutrons through a 0.30-m-thick lithium hydride slab and through a 0.05-m-thick lead slab followed by 0.30 m of lithium hydride are compared. Also reported are comparisons of the measured and calculated neutron energy spectra behind an 0.80-m-thick assembly comprised of stainless steel type 304 and borated polyethylene. The spatial dependence of the gamma-ray energy deposition rate measured using thermoluminescent detectors is compared with calculated data. The calculated data obtained using two-dimensional radiation transport methods and ENDF/B-IV cross-section data are in good agreement for all of the experimental configurations. Calculated integral neutron energy spectra agree with the measured data within 5 to 20% depending on neutron energy for the LiH and Pb plus LiH assemblies. The gamma-ray spectra agree within 20% for these slabs. The measured and calculated neutron energy spectra behind the SS-304-borated polyethylene assembly agree within 5% except at neutron energies below 5 MeV where background radiation influences the measured spectra. The gamma-ray energy deposition rates as a function of depth agree within a factor of two at all detector locations.     

Measuring implementation outcome: beyond success and failure

This paper proposes a framework for measuring the impact of a computer-based application in an organization. Recognizing the complexity of the implementation process, the framework is multi-dimensional: it seeks to measure the outcome of an implementation effort on both the people and tasks affected as separate from user's definition of “success”. The framework can be used to support either the quantitative or case study methodologies used in implementation research. Finally, the authors describe a field test of the framework to demonstrate its usefulness in an organizational setting.     

Uranium Superconductivity Redux

Since the discovery of heavy-fermion superconductivity in uranium compounds in the early 1980s, other uranium compounds have been discovered that are fully as interesting to study. However, as we look forward in the year 2000, we now have higher-purity, single crystals of the element itself. Preliminary resistivity and ac susceptibility measurements show the improved quality of the samples and thus hold the promise of understanding many aspects of its superconductivity, which have remained untouched for almost 25 years.     

View angle effects in the radiometric measurement of plant canopy temperatures

The thermal infrared sensor response from a wheat canopy was extremely non-Lambertian because of spatial variations in energy flow processes; the effective radiant temperature of the sensor varied as much as 13°C with changing view angle. This variation of sensor response was accurately quantified (root-mean-square of deviations between theoretical and measured responses reduced to 1.1°C) as a function of vegetation canopy geometry, vertical temperature distribution of canopy components, and sensor view angle. The results have important implications for optimizing sensor view angles for remote sensing missions.     

On thin-wire multiturn loop antennas

A general theory of thin-wire multiturn loop antennas is presented. For convenience the windings of the loop are considered to form a circular helix. An integral equation is derived and solved numerically for the current distribution on the antenna. The antenna impedance, efficiency, and pattern are obtained.     

Matisse: A System-on-Chip Design Methodology Emphasizing Dynamic Memory Management

MATISSE is a design environment intended for developing systems characterized by a tight interaction between control and data-flow behavior, intensive data storage and transfer, and stringent real-time requirements. Matisse bridges the gap from a system specification, using a concurrent object-oriented language, to an optimized embedded single-chip hardware/software implementation. Matisse supports stepwise exploration and refinement of dynamic memory management, memory architecture exploration, and gradual incorporation of timing constraints before going to traditional tools for hardware synthesis, software compilation, and inter-processor communication synthesis. With this approach, specifications of embedded systems can be written in a high-level programming language using data abstraction. Application of MATISSE on telecom protocol processing systems in the ATM area shows significant improvements in area usage and power consumption.