Intricate CSTR dynamics

Various dynamical characters of continuous stirred tank reaclors (CSTR) are introduced with respect to the effects of reaction types, extra thermal capacitance, periodic forcing, and coupling of CSTRs. The subject includes the classical dynamics of two-dimensional model and the variety of complex dynamics in three or higher dimensional systems such as periodic bifurcations to torus or chaos, aperiodic oscillations on invariant torus, and universal dynamics of alternating periodic-chaotic sequences with k.2^v-cycles for every natural number k. Particularly this review intends to bring about the problems that the engineers must be prepared to encounter in solving various physical systems including chemically reacting systems.     

Investigations of Electrical Properties in Silica/Indium Tin Oxide Two-Layer Film for Effective Electromagnetic Shielding

The effect of zinc ions added to silica film on the electrical and structural properties of a silica/indium tin oxide two-layer film which had been prepared by solution coating for electromagnetic shielding of displays was studied. The volume resistivity of the undoped silica/indium tin oxide film was more than 3 times as high as that of the zinc-doped silica/indium tin oxide film. The addition of divalent cations, zinc ions, to the overcoated layer led volume resistivity of the two-layer film to decrease significantly and also caused a long-term increase in stability. The decrease in volume resistivity was due to the addition of zinc ions that changed the interface ionization and helped to enhance the electrical conductivity in the two-layer film.     

Process development for the removal of copper from wastewater using ferric/limestone treatment

The removal of copper from wastewater by ferric/limestone coagulation followed by screen filtration was carried out at a laboratory scale. The optimum coagulant (FeCl₃) dose and working pH were 50 mg// of Fe(m) and pH 7.5, respectively, through jar tests. For the efficient removal of copper from wastewater, we developed a novel process including the co-precipitation of copper with FeCl₃, alkalization in a limestone aeration bed, and separation of precipitates in a sedimentation tank coupled with internal stainless steel screen filter. The performance results showed that removal of copper from the solution was over 99.5%. The pH was effectively maintained over 7.5 in limestone bed during the whole process. Ferric hydroxide/copper aggregates were removed over 99% by stainless steel screen filter of 1,450 mesh. Periodic air backwashing alleviated fouling of the filter surface.     

Highly Efficient Overall Water Splitting Through Optimization of Preparation and Operation Conditions of Layered Perovskite Photocatalysts

The layered perovskite materials were found to give the high photocatalytic activity in water splitting reaction under UV irradiation, where the electronic structure of perovskite slab constructing the layered structure (the total cation valency) was the most crucial factor to the high photocatalytic activity. Both the excessive cation valency and the layered structure were required for active photocatalysts, while the slab thickness of layered perovskites had an insignificant effect on water-splitting activity. In order to identify key variables that affected photocatalytic activity and to optimize the performance of (110) layered perovskite, La₂Ti₂O₇ was modified by various methods. The optimum amount of loaded nickel had a great effect and the amount depended on the surface area of the perovskite phase. When an alkaline-earth element such as Ba, Sr, and Ca was doped on La₂Ti₂O₇, the photocatalytic activity was enhanced markedly. Introduction of an alkaline hydroxide into the reaction system as an external additive enhanced the activity further showing extremely high quantum yields close to 50%.     

Examining the Effects of Conformal Terrain Features in Advanced Head‐Up Displays on Flight Performance and Pilot Situation Awareness

Synthetic vision systems (SVS) render terrain features for pilots through cockpit displays using a GPS database and three‐dimensional graphical models. Enhanced vision systems (EVS) present infrared imagery of terrain using a forward‐looking sensor in the nose of an aircraft. The ultimate goal of SVS and EVS technologies is to support pilots in achieving safety under low‐visibility and night conditions comparable to clear, day conditions. This study assessed pilot performance and situation awareness (SA) effects of SVS and EVS imagery in an advanced head‐up display (HUD) during a simulated landing approach under instrument meteorological conditions. Videos of the landing with various HUD configurations were presented to eight pilots with a superimposed tracking task. The independent variables included four HUD feature configurations (baseline [no terrain imagery], SVS, EVS, and a combination of SVS and EVS), two visibility conditions, and four legs of the flight. Results indicated that SVS increased overall SA but degraded flight path control performance because of visual confusion with other display features. EVS increased flight path control accuracy but decreased system (aircraft) awareness because of visual distractions. The combination of SVS and EVS generated offsetting effects. Display configurations did not affect pilot spatial awareness. Flight performance was not different among phases of the approach, but levels and types of pilot SA did vary from leg to leg. These results are applicable to development of adaptive HUD features to support pilot performance. They support the use of multidimensional measures of SA for insight on pilot information processing with advanced aviation displays. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

水热法制备锰锌铁氧体纳米晶

以水热法制备了粒径为20－40nm的锰锌铁氧体纳米晶，以XRD、SEM、磁强计等对产物做了表征，分析了影响锰锌铁氧体纳米晶的因素。结果表明，在T≥150℃,t≥5h条件下，均能得到阵锌铁氧体纳米晶粉末。T＝450℃时制备的纳米晶的磁强度最高；添加剂能改善水热体系的均匀性，使产物分布均匀、晶相单一、团聚少。     

The effects of Ni and Li doping on the performance of lithium manganese oxide material for lithium secondary batteries

Layered Li_0.7[M_1/6Mn_5/6]O₂ (M=Li, Ni) was synthesized using a sol-gel method. P2-Na_0.7[M_1/6Mn_5/6]O₂ precursor was first synthesized by a sol-gel method, and then O2-Li_0.7[M_1/6Mn_5/6]O₂ was prepared by an ion exchange of Li for Na in P2-Na_0.7[M_1/6Mn_5/6]O₂ precursor. From charge/discharge curves, it was seen that Li_0.7[Li_1/6Mn_5/6]O₂ has two plateaus similar to those observed from a spinel structure, but Li_0.7[Ni_1/6Mn_5/6]O₂ holds a single plateau as observed from a typical layered structure. It was considered that Li_0.7[Li_1/6Mn_5/6]O₂ undergoes a phase transformation from layered to spinel structure during the charge/discharge cycle, but Li_0.7[Ni_1/6Mn_5/6]O₂ maintains O2-layered structure after the cycles. Li_0.7[Ni_1/6Mn_5/6]O₂ was higher in discharge capacity and retention rate than Li_0.7[Li_1/6Mn_5/6]O₂.     

A porous mixed-valent iron MOF exhibiting the acs net: Synthesis, characterization and sorption behavior of Fe3O(F4BDC)3(H2O)3·(DMF)3.5

A new mixed-valent iron MOF, formulated as Fe₃O(F₄BDC)₃(H₂O)₃·(DMF)_3.5 (1), has been synthesized by using a perfluorinated linear dicarboxylate to link trigonal prismatic Fe₃(μ³-O)(O₂C–)₆ clusters. The structure refinement based on single crystal X-ray diffraction data collected from 1 reveals the material exhibits the acs topology with large channels along the crystallographic c-axis. Due to the presence of fluorine atoms the organic link, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate (F₄BDC), has a 63° torsion angle between the carboxylate and aromatic planes, resulting in larger channels compared to those in the isoreticular material MOF-235. While few iron-based MOFs have demonstrated porosity, nitrogen and hydrogen sorption experiments carried out at 77 K proved the porosity of outgassed 1, which has a Langmuir surface are of 635 m²/g and a gravimetric capacity of 0.9 wt% of hydrogen at 1 bar.     

Effects of melt‐extension and annealing on row‐nucleated lamellar crystalline structure of HDPE films

The row‐nucleated lamellar crystalline structure of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) films was prepared by applying elongation stress to HDPE melt during T‐die cast film extrusion and subsequently annealing the extruded films. This unusual crystalline structure was analyzed in terms of lamellar crystalline orientation, long‐period lamellar spacing, crystallite size, and degree of crystallinity. The contribution of melt‐extension represented by draw‐down‐ratio (DDR) to the overall orientation was found to be most noticeable than other processing variables. Meanwhile, the long‐period lamellar spacing, the crystallite size, and the degree of crystallinity were influenced predominantly by the annealing temperature. Finally, the processing (melt extension and annealing temperature) – structure (lamellar crystalline structure) – property (hard elasticity) relationship of HDPE films was investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3326–3333, 2007     

The removal of hydrogen sulfide with manganic sorbent in a high-temperature fluidized-bed reactor

The removal of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from simulated gas was carried out in a batch type fluidized-bed reactor using natural manganese ore (NMO), which consists of several metal oxides (MnO_x: 51.85%, FeO_y: 3.86%, CaO: 0.11%). The H₂S breakthrough curves were obtained by changing temperature, gas velocity, initial H₂S concentration, and aspect ratio. Moreover, the effects of the particle size and the particle-mixing fraction on H₂S removal were investigated in a binary system of different particle size. From this study, H₂S removal efficiency increased with increasing temperature but decreased with increasing excess gas velocity. The breakthrough time for H₂S decreased as the gas velocity increased, which leads to reducing gas-solid contacting due to gas bypassing in a fluidized bed reactor. Improvement of H₂S removal efficiency in continuous process can be expected from the results of the binary particle system with different size in a batch experiment. The NMO could be considered as a potential sorbent in H₂S removal.