Studies on Nonmetals During Irradiation: V, Growth and Decay of Color Centers in Barium Aluminoborate Glasses Containing Cerium

The radiation-induced absorption of a group of barium aluminoborate glasses was studied in a new facility for measuring optical absorption during irradiation with γ-rays. The results demonstrate that this technique provides significant new information on the kinetics of the radiation-induced coloring of glasses and suggest that most previous measurements are, at best, suspect. Barium aluminoborate glasses, both with and without Ce, were prepared under normal and reducing conditions. The coloring during irradiation and the decay after irradiation can be characterized by the absorption at 3.0 e V and at 2.25 or 1.90 e V. The Ce-free base glass continued to color as long as irradiated and, at a given dose, the absorption was at least 2 or 3 times that of the other glasses. The totally reduced 1% Ce glass colored to a constant level in the uv, but in the visible the coloring increased to a maximum and then decreased to a constant value. The partially reduced 1% Ce glass also colored to a constant value in the uv, but in the visible the original absorption decreased slightly. All the coloring curves recorded during irradiation are described accurately by expressions that include one or more increasing saturating exponential terms and may contain one linear or one decreasing saturating exponential term. After irradiation the coloring curves decrease and can be resolved accurately into one or more decreasing exponential components. Futhermore, all the observed coloring-curve features were derived from relatively simple kinetics.     

Oxidative coupling of methane over CaO-MgO mixed oxide

Mixed oxide catalyst prepared by co-precipitating magnesium oxide and calcium oxide showed an excellent activity for the oxidative coupling of methane. The high performances were presumed to arise from the high basicity of the mixed oxide.     

Reciprocating flow ion exchange part II: Application to saline water softening

The “hardness” components in sea water can be considerably reduced by means of a new economical fixed bed technique called “Reciprocating Flow Ion Exchange”, when used in conjunction with a closed cycle exchanger-evaporator system. Removal of 87.9% of the calcium and 54.5% of the magnesium in sea water has been obtained with an overall flow rate of 5.0 U. S. g. p. m./sq. ft. Results from bench scale and a 5,000 g. p. d. pilot plant were identical. The virtually continuous cyclic steady-state process requires a small amount of exchanger (0.5 to 2% of the usual ion exchange methods, such as conventional fixed beds or fluidized beds). The effects of variation in operating parameters are discussed.     

Crystallization of running filament in melt spinning of polypropylene

The crystallization kinetics of the running filament in melt spinning have been studied for three cases: isothermal crystallization of an isotropic melt, non-isothermal crystallization of an isotropic melt, and non-isothermal crystallization of a non-isotropic melt. Both the temperature and the orientation dependences of nucleation rate and growth rate are estimated for polypropylene. Calculated curves for non-isothermal crystallization of a non-isotropic melt with partial high orientation closely approximate the experimental data. In particular, the experimental data are best explained by crystallization with two-dimensional growth. The crystallization processes in melt spinning may be governed by localized molecular orientation of the supercooled melt in the initial stage.     

Diels-alder adducts from safflower oil fatty acids: I. Maleic anhydride as dienophile

The Diels-Alder reaction between alkali conjugated and elaidinized safflower oil fatty acids and maleic anhydride was studied under various experimental conditions. The principal product which was obtained in 51–55% yields was a mixture of the adduct of maleic anhydride and maleic acid in 40∶60 proportions. The isolation and properties of this mixed adducts from the reaction mixture and their conversion to trimethyl, tributyl and triallyl esters are described. The trimethyl ester was also obtained in good yield from the methyl esters of the fatty acids and dimethyl maleate.     

Influence of silicon on the growth of barrier-type anodic films on titanium

Amorphous anodic titania, stabilised by incorporation of silicon species, is shown to grow to high voltages on sputter-deposited, single-phase Ti-Si alloys during anodizing at a constant current density in ammonium pentaborate electrolyte. The films comprise two main layers, with silicon species confined to the inner layers. An amorphous-to-crystalline transition occurs at ∼60 V on the Ti-6 at.% Si alloy, while the transition is suppressed to voltages above 140 V on alloys with 12 and 26 at.% silicon. The crystalline oxide, nucleated at a depth of ∼40% of the film thickness, is associated with the presence of a precursor of crystalline oxide in the pre-existing air-formed oxide. The modified structure of the air-formed oxide due to increased incorporation of silicon species suppresses the amorphous-to-crystalline transition until the onset of dielectric breakdown. The transport numbers of cations and anions during growth of the anodic oxides are independent of the concentration of silicon species in the inner layer, despite the marked change in the field strength.     

Effect of coupling agents on thermal and electrical properties of mica/epoxy composites

The influence of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and neoalkoxytric(dioctyl pyrophosphato)zirconate on thermal expansion behavior, dielectric strength, and arc resistance of mica/epoxy composites has been investigated. The addition of mica up to 30% resulted in the reduction of thermal expansion with respect to neat resin. However, the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of 30% mica treated with aminosilane was the least among the various coupling agent-coated filler/epoxy composites. Mica (30%)/epoxy composites showed the highest dielectric strength values (26 kV/mm), but the highest arc resistance was obtained in zirconate-treated mica (30%)/epoxy composite. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Pro- und Antioxydantien auf dem Fettgebiet XVII: Fette und Fettstoffwechsel der Winterschläfer, 1. Mitteilung: Der Siebenschläfer (Glis glis L.)

Pro- and Antioxidants in the Field of Fats XVII: Fats and Fat-metabolism of Hibernating Animals I. The Seven Sleepers. (Glis glis L.) After a short review of the literature about hibernation, the analysis of the lipids of the seven sleepers (Glis glis L.) is given. The problem, whether the yellow lipochrome results from the autoxidation of polyenoic fatty acids because of the decrease in biological antioxidants, especially vitamin E, could not be completely explained. The brown tissue, the socalled “sleep gland” contains substances which are insoluble in fat solvents and probably formed by the reaction of polyenes with proteins or by the autoxidation of lipoproteins which contain them.