Evaluation and comparison of different dough leavening agents on quality of lavash bread

Dough preparation process is an important stage of bread production which has a significant effect on quality of the end product. Bakery yeast, sourdough and chemical leavening agents are used as leavening agents for the treatment of dough for bread. In this study, bakery yeast, sourdough, sodium bicarbonate and combination of bakery yeast and sodium bicarbonate were used for the production of flat bread (lavash). The firmness of lavash bread texture was analyzed using a texture analyzer device and bread staling at 24, 48 and 72 h after baking was analyzed using DSC device. Also, microstructure of bread was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of DSC showed that bread produced with combination of bakery yeast and sodium bicarbonate, had lower enthalpy (279.84 ± 70.47 J/g) and staling than the other samples. Also, hardness of this sample was low (7.608 ± 0.892 N). The images obtained from SEM showed that diameter of gas bubbles in the bread produced with bakery yeast and combination of bakery yeast and sodium bicarbonate, were higher and their cell walls were thinner.     

Packaging 4.0: The threshold of an intelligent approach

The fourth industrial revolution (I4.0) intends to digitalize the product life cycle using smart technologies interconnected with web-based platforms. I4.0 elements can be employed to enable packaging 4.0 with improved productivity and efficiency. However, the applicability of I4.0 in packaging science has not been fully investigated due to the understanding gap regarding the I4.0 elements in packaging science. In addition, the evolution of market and customers’ demands results in complexity, which requires a business model with a high level of precision. As packaging stays with goods from manufacturing to the consumer stage, the digitalization of the product life cycle using packaging can be realized. Herein, the implications of I4.0 on packaging science are discussed to identify the potential benefits of packaging 4.0 in various sectors, for example, manufacturing, materials, supply chain, retail, and postconsumer. In this study, packaging 4.0 is defined based on a framework comprised of packaging manufacturing, packaging and products, packaging and consumer, and packaging and sustainability (ecologically, economically, and socially). In addition, a decentralized model is introduced to realize a self-controlling concept using decentralized decision-making centers. In this context, packaging 4.0 can be enabled using the combination of horizontal integration of enterprises, vertical integration of enterprises, and end-to-end engineering. Smart devices, for example, sensors, indicators, actuators, and wearable smart devices, interconnected to the internet of things and the cloud is an efficient way to realize a decentralized paradigm. The implementation of an intelligent platform in the packaging 4.0 context enables decentralized data collection in the supply chain, in-store, and postpurchasing stages, which in turn realizes consistent life-cycle monitoring.     

Predicting the type of pregnancy using artificial neural networks and multinomial logistic regression: a comparison study

Some medical and epidemiological surveys have been designed to predict a nominal response variable with several levels. With regard to the type of pregnancy there are four possible states: wanted, unwanted by wife, unwanted by husband and unwanted by couple. In this paper, we have predicted the type of pregnancy, as well as the factors influencing it using two different models and comparing them. Regarding the type of pregnancy with several levels, we developed a multinomial logistic regression and a neural network based on the data and compared their results using three statistical indices: sensitivity, specificity and kappa coefficient. Based on these three indices, neural network proved to be a better fit for prediction on data in comparison to multinomial logistic regression. When the relations among variables are complex, one can use neural networks instead of multinomial logistic regression to predict the nominal response variables with several levels in order to gain more accurate predictions.     

Comparison of a low-linolenic and a partially hydrogenated soybean oil using pan-fried hash browns

Hash browns (HB) were fried (Teflon-coated pan, ∼180°C) with low-linolenic acid (LL-SBO) and creamy partially hydrogenated soybean oils (PH-SBO). High-performance size-exclusion chromatography of the oil extracted before heating indicated a relatively low polymer content (LL-SBO, 3.8%; PH-SBO, 1.6%), although the oil remaining in the pan after frying had a much greater polymer content (38.8%, LL-SBO; 17.5%, PH-SBO). The percentage of altered TAG in the LL-SBO sample (extracted from HB) was 34.4% after frying, whereas the PH-SBO had 33.2% altered TAG (as determined by supercritical fluid chromatography). In the LL-SBO pan-fried HB samples (not the extracted oil), 2-pentanone, hexanal, 2-hexenal, trans-2-heptenal, 2-pentylfuran, and trans-2-octenal were found, whereas the major volatile compounds in the HB fried with PH-SBO included hexanal, trans-2-hexenal, and trans-2-heptenal. Hexanal was the most abundant volatile compound in both HB samples (LL-SBO, 2.7 ppm; PH-SBO, 0.3 ppm). There were significant differences in the polymer content, hexanal content, p-anisidine values, and Foodoil sensor readings between LL-SBO and PH-SBO (P<0.05). The PH-SBO sample was more stable than the LL-SBO sample. Moreover, the LL-SBO oil sample in the pan after frying had the greater increase in polymer content.     

Effect of whey protein supplementation on levels of endocannabinoids and some of metabolic risk factors in obese women on a weight-loss diet: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background

Besides the effects of dietary long chain PUFA on circulating endocannabinoids concentrations, the impact of other nutrients on these system is not known and, whether changes in plasma endocannabinoids levels correlated with changes in body composition and biochemical metabolic risk factors in obese individuals, however, still remains to be characterized.

Methods

We will conduct a 2 months’ open label, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of whey protein supplementation on levels of endocannabinoids, glycemic and lipid profile, inflammatory factors, adipocytokines and body composition in 60 premenopausal obese women on a weight-loss diet.

Conclusion

Due to strong relationship between endocannabinoids level and insulin resistance and obesity, in this trial, we will illustrate the other benefits of weight loss diet on health and metabolic risk factors. Also for the first, the effects of simultaneous weight loss diet and whey protein supplementation on these variables will be determined.

Trial registration

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT2017021410181N8.

     

Dual extended composite right/left‐handed transmission line metamaterial

The new concept of dual extended composite right/left‐handed transmission line (D‐ECRLH TL), with 2 right handed and 2 left handed frequency bands is presented. The D‐ECRLH TL and extended composite right/left handed transmission line are structurally dual. Therefore, the proposed TL shows the dual properties of the ECRLH TL. The D‐ECRLH indeed behaves as a dual‐band bandstop filter, in opposition to the ECRLH which is a dual‐band bandpass one. In contrast, the D‐ECRLH creates an unlimited LH bandwidth. In this article, the transmission parameters and the fundamental properties of the D‐ECRLH TL (dispersion and impedance diagrams) are investigated. The results show that the proposed structure is suitable to design the quad‐band microwave circuits and systems. A prototype of the proposed D‐ECRLH unit cell is realized by the microstrip technology. The good agreement between the measurement and simulation results confirms the realizability of the proposed structure.     

Computational modeling of methane hydrate dissociation in a sandstone core

Hydrate dissociation in a porous sandstone core was studied using a computer modeling approach. It was assumed that the hydrate was dispersed in the pores of the core. Using FLUENT^TM code, an axisymmetric model of the core was developed and solved for multiphase flows during the hydrate dissociation. The core model contained three separate phases: methane hydrate, methane gas, and liquid water. At the start of simulation, the valve at one end of the core was opened exposing the core to low pressure; hydrate began to dissociate and methane gas and water began to flow. The depressurization was controlled by adjusting the pressure of the outlet valve.A comprehensive Users’ Defined Subroutine (UDS) for analysis of hydrate dissociation process into the FLUENT code was developed. The new UDS uses the kinetic model introduced by Kim et al. [Kim. H.C., Bishnoi, P.R., Heidemann, R.A., Rizvi, S.S.H., 1987. Kinetics of methane hydrate decomposition. Chemical Engineering Science 42, 1645-1653.] and can model multiple zones dissociation and multiphase flows. Variations of relative permeability of the core were included using Corey's model. The new model allows for variation of the porosity with hydrate saturation.For different core temperatures and various outlet valve pressures, the spatial and temporal variations of temperature, pressure, and flow fields in the core were simulated. The time evolutions of methane gas and water flow rate at the outlet were also evaluated. It was shown that the rate of hydrate dissociation in a core was a sensitive function of surrounding environment temperature, outlet pressure condition, and permeability.     

3patial Load Balancing in Nide-Area Wireless Networks

Load balancing is typically used in the frequency domain of cellular wireless networks to balance paging, access, and traffic load across the available bandwidth. In this paper, we extend load balancing into the spatial domain, and we develop two approaches-network load balancing and single-carrier multilink-for spatial load balancing. Although these techniques are mostly applied to cellular wireless networks and Wi-Fi networks, we show how they can be applied to EV-DO, a 3G cellular data network. When a device has more than one candidate server, these techniques can be used to determine the quality of the channel between a server and the device and to determine the load on each server. The proposed techniques leverage the advantages of existing EV-DO network architecture and are fully backward compatible. Network operators can substantially increase network capacity and improve user experience by using these techniques. Combining load balancing in the frequency and spatial domains improves connectivity within a network and allows resources to be optimally allocated according to the p-fair criterion. Combined load balancing further improves performance.