全文获取类型
收费全文 | 685篇 |
免费 | 88篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 3篇 |
综合类 | 11篇 |
化学工业 | 287篇 |
金属工艺 | 5篇 |
机械仪表 | 11篇 |
建筑科学 | 31篇 |
矿业工程 | 10篇 |
能源动力 | 32篇 |
轻工业 | 77篇 |
水利工程 | 4篇 |
石油天然气 | 1篇 |
无线电 | 41篇 |
一般工业技术 | 133篇 |
冶金工业 | 20篇 |
原子能技术 | 2篇 |
自动化技术 | 105篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 1篇 |
2023年 | 37篇 |
2022年 | 41篇 |
2021年 | 78篇 |
2020年 | 29篇 |
2019年 | 36篇 |
2018年 | 29篇 |
2017年 | 32篇 |
2016年 | 36篇 |
2015年 | 50篇 |
2014年 | 49篇 |
2013年 | 48篇 |
2012年 | 52篇 |
2011年 | 67篇 |
2010年 | 36篇 |
2009年 | 39篇 |
2008年 | 25篇 |
2007年 | 20篇 |
2006年 | 8篇 |
2005年 | 14篇 |
2004年 | 6篇 |
2003年 | 7篇 |
2002年 | 3篇 |
2001年 | 7篇 |
2000年 | 3篇 |
1999年 | 4篇 |
1998年 | 2篇 |
1997年 | 2篇 |
1996年 | 2篇 |
1995年 | 1篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 1篇 |
1992年 | 1篇 |
1991年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1936年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有773条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
11.
OBJECTIVE: An evaluation study was conducted to answer the question of which system properties of night vision enhancement systems (NVESs) provide a benefit for drivers without increasing their workload. BACKGROUND: Different infrared sensor, image processing, and display technologies can be integrated into an NVES to support nighttime driving. Because each of these components has its specific strengths and weaknesses, careful testing is required to determine their best combination. METHOD: Six prototypical systems were assessed in two steps. First, a heuristic evaluation with experts from ergonomics, perception, and traffic psychology was conducted. It produced a broad overview of possible effects of system properties on driving. Based on these results, an experimental field study with 15 experienced drivers was performed. Criteria used to evaluate the development potential of the six prototypes were the usability dimensions of effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction (International Organization for Standardization, 1998). RESULTS: Results showed that the intelligibility of information, the easiness with which obstacles could be located in the environment, and the position of the display presenting the output of the system were of crucial importance for the usability of the NVES and its acceptance. Conclusion: All relevant requirements are met best by NVESs that are positioned at an unobtrusive location and are equipped with functions for the automatic identification of objects and for event-based warnings. APPLICATION: These design recommendations and the presented approach to evaluate the systems can be directly incorporated into the development process of future NVESs. 相似文献
12.
Katharina Kormann Martin Kronbichler Bernhard Müller 《Journal of scientific computing》2012,50(1):167-197
A new way of deriving strictly stable high order difference operators for partial differential equations (PDE) is demonstrated
for the 1D convection diffusion equation with variable coefficients. The derivation is based on a diffusion term in conservative,
i.e. self-adjoint, form. Fourth order accurate difference operators are constructed by mass lumping Galerkin finite element
methods so that an explicit method is achieved. The analysis of the operators is confirmed by numerical tests. The operators
can be extended to multi dimensions, as we demonstrate for a 2D example. The discretizations are also relevant for the Navier–Stokes
equations and other initial boundary value problems that involve up to second derivatives with variable coefficients. 相似文献
13.
Mocker A Bugiel S Auer S Baust G Colette A Drake K Fiege K Grün E Heckmann F Helfert S Hillier J Kempf S Matt G Mellert T Munsat T Otto K Postberg F Röser HP Shu A Sternovsky Z Srama R 《The Review of scientific instruments》2011,82(9):095111
Investigating the dynamical and physical properties of cosmic dust can reveal a great deal of information about both the dust and its many sources. Over recent years, several spacecraft (e.g., Cassini, Stardust, Galileo, and Ulysses) have successfully characterised interstellar, interplanetary, and circumplanetary dust using a variety of techniques, including in situ analyses and sample return. Charge, mass, and velocity measurements of the dust are performed either directly (induced charge signals) or indirectly (mass and velocity from impact ionisation signals or crater morphology) and constrain the dynamical parameters of the dust grains. Dust compositional information may be obtained via either time-of-flight mass spectrometry of the impact plasma or direct sample return. The accurate and reliable interpretation of collected spacecraft data requires a comprehensive programme of terrestrial instrument calibration. This process involves accelerating suitable solar system analogue dust particles to hypervelocity speeds in the laboratory, an activity performed at the Max Planck Institut fu?r Kernphysik in Heidelberg, Germany. Here, a 2 MV Van de Graaff accelerator electrostatically accelerates charged micron and submicron-sized dust particles to speeds up to 80 km s(-1). Recent advances in dust production and processing have allowed solar system analogue dust particles (silicates and other minerals) to be coated with a thin conductive shell, enabling them to be charged and accelerated. Refinements and upgrades to the beam line instrumentation and electronics now allow for the reliable selection of particles at velocities of 1-80 km s(-1) and with diameters of between 0.05 μm and 5 μm. This ability to select particles for subsequent impact studies based on their charges, masses, or velocities is provided by a particle selection unit (PSU). The PSU contains a field programmable gate array, capable of monitoring in real time the particles' speeds and charges, and is controlled remotely by a custom, platform independent, software package. The new control instrumentation and electronics, together with the wide range of accelerable particle types, allow the controlled investigation of hypervelocity impact phenomena across a hitherto unobtainable range of impact parameters. 相似文献
14.
Biofilms grow on various surfaces and in many different environments, a phenomenon that constitutes major problems in industry and medicine. Despite their importance little is known about the viscoelastic properties of biofilms and how these depend on the chemical microenvironment. Here, we find that the mechanical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.a.) biofilms are highly robust towards chemical perturbations. Specifically, we observe that P.a. biofilms are able to fully regain their initial stiffness after yielding is enforced, even in the presence of chemicals. Moreover, only trivalent ions and citric acid significantly affect the biofilm elasticity, the first of which also alter the texture of the material. Finally, our results indicate that biofilm mechanics and bacteria viability inside the biofilm are not necessarily linked which suggests that targeting bacteria alone might not be sufficient for biofilm removal strategies. 相似文献
15.
Miriam Baeumers Katharina Schulz Thomas Klein 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(14)
The evolutionary conserved ESCRT-III complex is a device for membrane remodelling in various cellular processes, such as the formation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), cytokinesis, and membrane repair. The common theme of all these processes is the abscission of membrane away from the cytosol. At its heart in Drosophila is Shrub, CHMP4 in humans, which dynamically polymerises into filaments through electrostatic interactions among the protomers. For the full activity, Shrub/CHMP4 requires physical interaction with members of the Lgd protein family. This interaction is mediated by the odd-numbered DM14 domains of Lgd, which bind to the negative interaction surface of Shrub. While only one Lgd and one Shrub exist in the genome of Drosophila, mammals have two Lgd orthologs, LGD1/CC2D1B and LGD2/CC2D1A, as well as three CHMP4s in their genomes, CHMP4A, CHMP4B, and CHMP4C. The rationale for the diversification of the ESCRT components is not understood. We here use Drosophila as a model system to analyse the activity of the human orthologs of Shrub and Lgd at an organismal level. This enabled us to use the plethora of available techniques available for Drosophila. We present evidence that CHMP4B is the true ortholog of Shrub, while CHMP4A and CHMP4C have diverging activities. Nevertheless, CHMP4A and CHMP4C can enhance the activity of CHMP4B, raising the possibility that they can form heteropolymers in vivo. Our structure-function analysis of the LGD1 and LGD2 indicates that the C2 domain of the LGD proteins has a specific function beyond protein stability and subcellular localisation. Moreover, our data specify that CHMP4B interacts more efficiently with LGD1 than with LGD2. 相似文献
16.
Britta Marko Paulina Heurich Patrick Thon Frieda Zimmer Lars Bergmann Hartmuth Nowak Katharina Rump Bjrn Koos Michael Adamzik Matthias Unterberg Tim Rahmel 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(14)
The functionally important NF-κB1 promoter polymorphism (−94ins/delATTG) significantly shapes inflammation and impacts the outcome of sepsis. However, exploratory studies elucidating the molecular link of this genotype-dependent pattern are lacking. Accordingly, we analyzed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy volunteers (n = 20) and septic patients (n = 10). All individuals were genotyped for the −94ins/delATTG NF-κB1 promoter polymorphism. We found a diminished nuclear activity of the NF-κB subunit p50 in ID/DD genotypes after 48 h of lipopolysaccharide stimulation compared to II genotypes (p = 0.025). This was associated with higher TNF-α (p = 0.005) and interleukin 6 concentrations (p = 0.014) and an increased production of mitochondrial radical oxygen species in ID/DD genotypes (p = 0.001). Although ID/DD genotypes showed enhanced activation of mitochondrial biogenesis, they still had a significantly diminished cellular ATP content (p = 0.046) and lower mtDNA copy numbers (p = 0.010) compared to II genotypes. Strikingly, these findings were mirrored in peripheral blood mononuclear cells taken from septic patients. Our results emphasize the crucial aspect of considering NF-κB subunits in sepsis. We showed here that the deletion allele of the NF-κB1 (−94ins/delATTG) polymorphism was associated with the lower nuclear activity of subunit p50, which, in turn, was associated with aggravated inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. 相似文献
17.
Andrea Linkmeyer Katharina Hofer Michael Rychlik Markus Herz Hans Hausladen Ralph Hückelhoven 《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2016,33(3):489-499
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of small cereals is a disease of global importance with regard to economic losses and mycotoxin contamination harmful to human and animal health. In Germany, FHB is predominantly associated with wheat and F. graminearum is recognised as the major causal agent of the disease, but little is known about FHB of barley. Monitoring of the natural occurrence of FHB on Bavarian barley revealed differences for individual Fusarium spp. in incidence and severity of grain infection between years and between spring and winter barley. Parallel measurement of fungal DNA content in grain and mycotoxin content suggested the importance of F. graminearum in winter barley and of F. langsethiae in spring barley for FHB. The infection success of these two species was associated with certain weather conditions and barley flowering time. Inoculation experiments in the field revealed different effects of five Fusarium spp. on symptom formation, grain yield and mycotoxin production. A significant association between fungal infection of grain and mycotoxin content was observed following natural or artificial infection with the type B trichothecene producer F. culmorum, but not with the type A trichothecene-producing species F. langsethiae and F. sporotrichioides. Trichothecene type A toxin contamination also occurred in the absence of significant damage to grain and did not necessarily promote fungal colonisation. 相似文献
18.
Influence of Surface Modifications on the Spatiotemporal Microdistribution of Quantum Dots In Vivo 下载免费PDF全文
Katharina Nekolla Kerstin Kick Sabine Sellner Karina Mildner Stefan Zahler Dagmar Zeuschner Fritz Krombach Markus Rehberg 《Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2016,12(19):2641-2651
For biomedical applications of nanoconstructs, it is a general prerequisite to efficiently reach the desired target site. In this regard, it is crucial to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of nanomaterials at the microscopic tissue level. Therefore, the effect of different surface modifications on the distribution of microinjected quantum dots (QDs) in mouse skeletal muscle tissue has been investigated. In vivo real‐time fluorescence microscopy and particle tracking reveal that carboxyl QDs preferentially attach to components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), whereas QDs coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) show little interaction with tissue constituents. Transmission electron microscopy elucidates that carboxyl QDs adhere to collagen fibers as well as basement membranes, a type of ECM located on the basolateral side of blood vessel walls. Moreover, carboxyl QDs have been found in endothelial junctions as well as in caveolae of endothelial cells, enabling them to translocate into the vessel lumen. The in vivo QD distribution is confirmed by in vitro experiments. The data suggest that ECM components act as a selective barrier depending on QD surface modification. For future biomedical applications, such as targeting of blood vessel walls, the findings of this study offer design criteria for nanoconstructs that meet the requirements of the respective application. 相似文献
19.
20.
Angeles Muñoz Civantos Michael Brown Tim Coughlan Shaaron Ainsworth Katharina Lorenz 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》2016,20(1):23-36
Mobile technology plays an increasing role in museum and cultural heritage contexts. In most cases, these tools support the relatively passive consumption of expert interpretations, or the unguided generation of content by users. This paper explores the potential for technologies to help museum visitors, encountering unfamiliar objects, to engage with them as a skilled professional interpreter would, through structured mobile experiences that focus on creating multimedia content. We explore this concept in the area of artefact interpretation and specifically how to enact a structured process of interpretation, as would commonly be taught in courses dedicated to the analytical diagnostics of visual evidence, such as Classical Archaeology or Art History. We discuss two field trials of prototype systems through which the structured creation of multimedia forms a basis for learning to interpret historical artefacts conducted in contexts of both formal and informal learning. By describing, implementing, and evaluating this approach, we contribute understanding of a new way to conceptualise active engagement in museum contexts, through the effective use of scaffolding and user generation of multimedia. We identify issues around the properties and flexibilities of multiple media for this purpose, links between provision for procedural and factual learning, and the value of media creation-based structures in improving the skills and confidence to interpret. 相似文献