Effects of ethanol on nonspatial working memory and attention in rats.

Investigation into the neural basis for ethanol-induced cognitive dysfunction requires the use of valid animal models. An operant signal detection procedure was developed to assess simultaneously the processes of sustained attention and working memory in rats, and to determine the effects of ethanol on these cognitive functions. Ethanol, at 0.75 g/kg intraperitoneal/ly (ip), produced delay- and stimulus length-dependent decreases in choice accuracy, effects that are consistent with deficits in both working memory and sustained attention. Local infusion of ethanol directly into the medial septal area resulted in a selective loss of choice accuracy at the long delay. The impairment by intraseptal ethanol did not interact with stimulus length. Thus, the working memory impairment, but not the decrement in sustained attention, was mimicked by intraseptal ethanol. The current model provides a foundation for studying the neural basis of ethanol's cognitive effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Future time perspective, response rates, and older persons: Another chapter in the story.

Data quality is compromised when response rates to items vary with age group. D. Shmotkin (1992) found a 29% nonresponse rate to future-oriented items in persons older than 60 yrs and suggested future apprehension as a cause. The authors administered similar items to 251 older Ss and found fewer instances of nonresponding to future-oriented items. On the basis of the high response rate to an enlarged Cantril ladder measuring future quality of life, presented in interview, the authors question the generality of future apprehension as a determinant of nonresponding. The authors suggest that mode of administration, size of items, and scale complexity, as well as future apprehension, are determinants of nonresponding to future-oriented items and scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Developmental changes within the structure of the mammal domain.

Examined and considered developmental changes in the organization of information within the mammal domain within the context of cultural knowledge acquisition. Judgments of similarity among mammals were elicited from 7-yr-olds, 10-yr-olds, and adults by means of a triad task. Analysis addressed both quantitative and qualitative models of development consistent with the A. K. Romney et al (1986) cultural consensus model. Results provided partial support for both models. Ss' responses generally fit the cultural consensus model, whereas systematic patterns of deviation from the model emerged between children and adults because of the emergence of a primate category after age 10. The relationship between these results and S. Carey's (1985) research on the development of biological knowledge is discussed, and implications for the study of expertise acquisition are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Long wavelength-tunable VCSELs with optimized MEMS bridge tuning structure

In this letter, we present the first demonstration of a long wavelength-tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) using a monolithically integrated bridge tuning microelectromechanical system structure. The use of such a tuning structure allows for better wavelength tuning repeatability and wider tuning range as compared to cantilever-based tunable VCSELs. The devices show tuning ranges over 22 nm with peak output power of 1.3 mW in continuous-wave operation at 15/spl deg/C. The bridge structure has a mechanical resonant frequency of 80 kHz. The transmission test through 300-km single-mode fiber (SMF-28) using the tunable VCSEL under mechanical vibration below 10 KHz and 10-G acceleration shows little bit-error-rate degradation.     

Three hypotheses concerning young children's imitations of lexical items.

Examined 2 hypotheses concerning possible facilitative effects of imitation on lexical acquisition, using comprehension as well as production as metrics for lexical emergence. Three experiments, with 33 children aged 1 yr 4 mo to 2 yrs, provided evidence that imitation may facilitate children's ability to acquire words in production and that imitation of such words may decline only after a period in which the words are used both imitatively and spontaneously. Preliminary support was also found for a 3rd hypothesis: In some cases imitation of novel words may enable the child to respond to others when he/she is unable to contribute original information to the topic. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A model of consumers’ perceptions of the invasion of information privacy

We examined factors that influence an individual's attitude and decisions about the information handling practices of corporations. Results from a survey of 425 consumers suggested that the hypothesized model was an accurate reflection of factors that affect privacy preferences of consumers. The results provide important implications for research and practice. Our study should contribute by initiating an integrative stream of research on the impact of IT and other factors on information privacy perception. For practitioners, our findings suggested that consumers hold corporations, not the IS, responsible for any inappropriate use of personal information. Organizations, therefore, must be proactive in formulating and enforcing information privacy policy in order to address consumers’ concerns.     

Improving GIS applicability: European challenges

Announcement

Improving GIS applicability: European challenges     

从战略到实施:政策回应

八个区域的漫长研究现已结束,研究的价值在于证实了它们的复杂性和多样性：这些区域不仅在功能运作方式上互不相同,而且在国家与区域层面上应对规划挑战的政策回应亦别具特色。在这最后一章中．我们将进行总结。     

The role of ceramic and glass science research in meeting societal challenges: Report from an NSF‐sponsored workshop

Under the sponsorship of the U.S. National Science Foundation, a workshop on emerging research opportunities in ceramic and glass science was held in September 2016. Reported here are proceedings of the workshop. The report details eight challenges identified through workshop discussions: Ceramic processing: Programmable design and assembly; The defect genome: Understanding, characterizing, and predicting defects across time and length scales; Functionalizing defects for unprecedented properties; Ceramic flatlands: Defining structure‐property relations in free‐standing, supported, and confined two‐dimensional ceramics; Ceramics in the extreme: Discovery and design strategies; Ceramics in the extreme: Behavior of multimaterial systems; Understanding and exploiting glasses and melts under extreme conditions; and Rational design of functional glasses guided by predictive modeling. It is anticipated that these challenges, once met, will promote basic understanding and ultimately enable advancements within multiple sectors, including energy, environment, manufacturing, security, and health care.