Valorization of byproducts from tropical fruits: Extraction methodologies,applications, environmental,and economic assessment: A review (Part 1: General overview of the byproducts,traditional biorefinery practices,and possible applications)

Tropical fruits represent one of the most important crops in the world. The continuously growing global market for the main tropical fruits is currently estimated at 84 million tons, of which approximately half is lost or wasted throughout the whole processing chain. Developing novel processes for the conversion of these byproducts into value‐added products could provide a viable way to manage this waste problem, aiming at the same time to create a sustainable economic growth within a bio‐economy perspective. Given the ever‐increasing concern about sustainability, complete valorization through a bio‐refinery approach, that is, zero waste concept, as well as the use of green techniques is therefore of utmost importance. This paper aims to report the status on the valorization of tropical fruit byproducts within a bio‐refinery frame, via the application of traditional methodologies, and with specific attention to the extraction of phenolics and carotenoids as bioactive compounds. The different types of byproducts, and their content of bioactives is reviewed, with a special emphasis on the lesser‐known tropical fruits. Moreover, the bioactivity of the different types of extracts and their possible application as a resource for different sectors (food, pharmaceutical, and environmental sciences) is discussed. Consequently, this review presents the concepts of tropical fruit biorefineries, and the potential applications of the isolated fractions.     

Surface patterning nanoparticle-based arrays

In this study, focused ion beam lithography is used to pattern different size and shape island arrays on silicon wafers. Cavity arrays of inverse shapes are then made on silicone mold surfaces by polymerization. After that, Al₂O₃ nanoparticle-based island arrays are created by a surface feature transfer and freeze casting process using an Al₂O₃ colloidal suspension. The effects of silicone mold surface wettability and freezing rate on the Al₂O₃ nanoparticle pattern quality are investigated. The results show that coating the silicone mold surface with a 10 nm thick Au–Pt layer makes the Al₂O₃ nanoparticle suspension more wetting on the mold surface and also likely reduces the dry Al₂O₃ nanoparticle adhesion to the mold surface. Freezing rate should be lower than 1 °C/min to avoid cracks or loose Al₂O₃ nanoparticle packing in the freeze cast features. When these factors are properly controlled, the reported patterning process allows reproduction of micron-size feature arrays from Al₂O₃ nanoparticle suspensions. The studied approach should be applicable to most nanoparticle-based materials and open numerous opportunities for direct-device fabrication.     

It can be done. Let's think how

This paper explores some fundamental assumptions being linked by State Housing Authorities to 'social mix' strategies in contemporary Australian public housing estate regeneration policy. Six case-study estates, two each in New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland form the basis for the empirical analysis. The two major ideas emerging from South Australian and Queensland projects are: first that lowering concentrations of public housing and developing more mixed income communities offers a means to reconnect socially excluded public housing tenants to mainstream society; second that a balanced social mix is a prerequisite for the development of 'inclusive', 'sustainable' and 'cohesive' communities. However, in light of the empirical findings that strong cohesive communities already exist on some estates prior to regeneration commencing, there is no evidence that a balanced social mix is a necessary condition for building inclusive communities. Coupled with findings in the projects of inadvertent negative consequences of implementing social mix policies, the paper questions whether policy makers are over-emphasising the extent to which social mix assists regeneration.     

Comparison of the Impact of γ-Oryzanol and Corn Steryl Ferulates on the Polymerization of Soybean Oil During Frying

Corn steryl ferulates (CSF), oryzanol, a combination of equal amounts of CSF and oryzanol, and ferulic acid were added to refined, bleached, deodorized, soybean oil at a concentration of 8.1–8.4 μmol/g oil, which corresponded to 0.5% (w/w) for the steryl ferulates. The rate of polymerized triacylglycerol (PTAG) formation was determined in three replicate, two-day frying experiments using a miniature frying protocol with potato cubes. Oryzanol and ferulic acid slightly inhibited PTAG formation on the first day of frying. However, the two treatments were not significantly different from the SBO control on the second day of frying. CSF and the combination of CSF and oryzanol significantly inhibited PTAG formation on both days of frying, but the combination was slightly more effective on the second day of frying. Tocopherol degradation in SBO with added oryzanol or ferulic acid proceeded more rapidly compared to the control. However, CSF and the combination of CSF and oryzanol appeared to protect tocopherols from degradation. In addition, CSF was more stable to frying compared to oryzanol, but when CSF and oryzanol were combined, CSF protected oryzanol from degradation.     

Diversity of lactic acid bacteria from modified atmosphere packaged sliced cooked meat products at sell-by date assessed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

The predominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) microbiota associated with three types of modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) sliced cooked meat products (i.e. ham, turkey and chicken) was analyzed at sell-by date using a combination of culturing and molecular population fingerprinting. Likewise routine analyses during industrial MAP production, meat samples were plated on the general heterotrophic Plate Count Agar (PCA) and on the LAB-specific de Man, Rogosa, Sharpe (MRS) agar under different temperature and atmosphere conditions. Subsequently, community DNA extracts were prepared from culturable bacterial fractions harvested from both media and used for PCR targeting the V3 hyper-variable region of the 16S rRNA gene followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR amplicons (PCR-DGGE). Irrespective of aerobic or anaerobic incubation conditions, V3-16S rDNA DGGE fingerprints of culturable fractions from PCA and MRS medium displayed a high level of similarity indicating that LAB constituted the most dominant group in the culturable bacterial community. Comparison of DGGE profiles of fractions grown at 20, 28 or 37 °C indicated that part of the culturable community consisted of psychrotrophs. Four DGGE bands were common among cooked ham, turkey and chicken products, suggesting that these represent the microbiota circulating in the plant where all three MAP product types were sliced and packaged. Based on band sequencing and band position analysis using LAB reference strains, these four bands could be assigned to Lactobacillus sakei and/or the closely related Lactobacillus fuchuensis, Lactobacillus curvatus, Carnobacterium divergens and Leuconostoc carnosum. In conclusion, the PCR-DGGE approach described in this study allows to discriminate, identify and monitor core and occasional LAB microbiota of MAP sliced cooked meat products and provides valuable complementary information to the current plating procedures routinely used in industrial plants.     

3D互连中光刻与晶圆级键合技术面临的挑战,趋势及解决方案(英文)

目前,3D集成技术的优势正在扩展消费类电子产品的潜在应用进入批量市场。这些新技术也在推进着当前许多生产工艺中的一些封装技术包括光刻和晶圆键合成为可能。其中还需要涂胶,作图和蚀刻结构。探讨一些与三维互连相关的光刻技术的挑战。用于三维封装的晶圆键合技术将结合这些挑战和可用的解决方案及发展趋势一并介绍。此外还介绍了一种新的光刻设备,它可通过图形识别技术的辅助实现低于0.25μm的最终对准精度。对于采用光刻和晶圆级键合技术在三维互连中的挑战,趋势和解决方案及SUSS公司设备平台的整体介绍将根据工艺要求来描述。在这些技术中遇到的工艺问题将集中在晶圆键合和光刻工序方面重点讨论。     

Morphology and composition of nickel–boron nanolayer coating on boron carbide particles

This work is focused on electroless coating of Ni–B nanolayer on B₄C particle surfaces. The B₄C particles used are approximately 2 μm in average size. Effects of activation agent PdCl₂, complexing agent C₂H₈N₂, and reducing agent NaBH₄ addition rate are studied. The solids loading of B₄C is 0.625 g/L and the concentration of Ni²⁺ ions is 0.004 mol/L in the electroless coating solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that when B₄C:Pd²⁺ molar ratio is 1:0.005, a Ni–B nanolayer with the smallest Ni–B nodule size covers the B₄C particle surfaces. Complexing agent C₂H₈N₂ decreases Ni²⁺ ion release rate. Ni:C₂H₈N₂ ratio of 1:6 is the preferred complexing agent amount for achieving a continuous Ni–B nanolayer. The Ni–B nanolayer formation is also strongly dependent on the rate that Ni²⁺ ions are reduced. Slow Ni²⁺ reduction leads to increased Ni content in the Ni–B nanolayer. When the above three factors are combined at the optimal values for the electroless coating process, well-defined Ni–B nanolayer is obtained. SEM cross section analysis shows the Ni–B nanolayer completely covers the B₄C particles with less than 55 nm thickness.     

Trajectories of psychosocial adjustment in adolescents with spina bifida: A 6-year, four-wave longitudinal follow-up.

Objective: As a follow-up to an earlier cross-sectional study (Holmbeck et al., 2003), the current multimethod, multi-informant investigation examined individual growth in psychosocial adjustment across the adolescent transition in 2 samples: young adolescents with spina bifida (SB) and typically developing adolescents (N = 68 in both groups at Time 1). Method: Growth curve modeling procedures were used to describe the developmental course of psychosocial adjustment across 4 waves of data collection from ages 8 to 15. Child gender was included in the models as a moderator of associations between illness status and adjustment trajectories. Results and Conclusions: Findings revealed that preadolescent differences between groups were maintained for several adjustment variables, indicating that adolescents with SB have enduring academic and attention problems and difficulties with social development (e.g., fewer friends and less influence during family interactions). For other outcomes, trajectories of adjustment levels for adolescents with SB converged on levels observed in comparison adolescents, indicating some areas of resilience. Girls with SB were at risk for increasing levels of social difficulties and negative perceptions of their physical appearance. Clinical implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Vocational Interests (The Self-Directed Search) of Female Carpenters.

In this national sample of female carpenters (N=411) who began their apprenticeship with the United Brotherhood of Carpenters during the 1990s in the United States, the author provides a profile of female carpenters' vocational interests (The Self-Directed Search). The vocational interests of 137 male carpenters also were gathered for comparison. The results indicate that the vocational interests of female and male carpenters are dominated by Realistic interests. These outcomes are supported by earlier work with the Strong Interest Inventory. The author suggests that test construction and sampling play a role in the controversy about gender bias in interest inventories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

3.125-Gb/s modulation up to 70/spl deg/C using 1.3-/spl mu/m VCSELs fabricated with localized wafer fusion for 10GBASE LX4 applications

The development of the 10GBASE-LX4 communication standard for aggregated 10-Gb/s rates feeds the need for low-cost laser sources in the 1275-1350-nm wavelength range operating at modulation rates of 3.125 Gb/s. We present comprehensive characterization of wafer fused vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with characteristics that meet the IEEE802.3ae specification for 10GBASE-LX4. These include output power greater than 1.5 mW up to 80/spl deg/C, wavelength around 1340 nm, single-mode emission and modulation at 3.125 Gb/s, and wide open eyes with rise and fall times below 100 ps up to 70/spl deg/C.