This paper presents a systematic design approach, which is the result of years of research effort, to ergonomic re-design of rivet tools, i.e. rivet hammers and bucking bars. The investigation was carried out using both ergonomic approach and mechanical analysis of the rivet tools dynamic behavior. The optimal mechanical design parameters of the re-designed rivet tools were determined by Taguchi method. Two ergonomically re-designed rivet tools with vibration damping/isolation mechanisms were tested against two conventional rivet tools in both laboratory and field tests. Vibration characteristics of both types of tools were measured by laboratory tests using a custom-made test fixture. The subjective field evaluations of the tools were performed by six experienced riveters at an aircraft repair shop. Results indicate that the isolation spring and polymer damper are very effective in reducing the overall level of vibration under both unweighted and weighted acceleration conditions. The mass of the dolly head and the housing played a significant role in the vibration absorption of the bucking bars. Another important result was that the duct iron has better vibration reducing capability compared to steel and aluminum for bucking bars. Mathematical simulation results were also consistent with the experimental results. Overall conclusion obtained from the study was that by applying the design principles of ergonomics and by adding vibration damping/isolation mechanisms to the rivet tools, the vibration level can significantly be reduced and the tools become safer and user friendly. The details of the experience learned, design modifications, test methods, mathematical models and the results are included in the paper. 相似文献
Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer membranes are widely used as electrolyte thin films to transport protons in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The mechanical degradation of the membrane represents a common failure mode that limits the operational life of the fuel cells. In the present work, effect of contamination related to cation exchange on the mechanical reliability of PEMs was investigated. We applied the bulge test technique to assess the mechanical properties of Nafion® PFSA membranes simulating pressure loading on hydrated PEMs in fuel cells. The corresponding elastic moduli of Nafion® before and after cation exchange were analyzed and compared with the results measured by uniaxial tension experiments at selected humidity conditions, showing increasing stiffness with the increase of cation radius. We also used the out-of-plane tearing test method to characterize the fracture behaviors of PEMs. The effects of cation exchange and water absorption on mechanical and fracture properties of PEMs at different temperatures are discussed in terms of cation and water interactions with the molecular structure of PFSA polymers. 相似文献
Fire Technology - The study presents a heat transfer model for prediction of the effect of immersed objects with high thermal conductivity (refluxer) on the mass burning characteristics of a pool... 相似文献
In heterogeneous networks where macro cells and metro cells use the same frequency band to communicate with their respective users, the major problem limiting performance is the interference caused by macro cells to metro cells. The information theoretic result known as dirty paper coding provides a way to address this problem and significantly improve the performance of heterogeneous networks with co-channel deployment. In this paper, we show how a simple dirty paper coding scheme employing Tomlinson-Harashima pre-coding with partial interference pre-subtraction can be employed by metro cells to mitigate the interference caused by macro cells. A performance study included in this paper shows that the proposed dirty paper coding scheme can lead to significant improvement in user rate statistics.
In recent years,with the development of technology,interest in microelectronics and thin film devices has increased considerably.Future improvements in microele... 相似文献