Analysis of bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide-doped paramagnetic graphite intercalation compound using F very fast magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance

F atoms bonding to paramagnetic/conductive graphene layers in accepter-type graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are analyzed using very fast magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, which is applied for the first time on ¹⁹F nuclei to investigate paramagnetic materials. In the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide(TFSI)-doped GIC, C–F bonds between fluorine atoms and graphene layers conform to a weak bonding of F to the graphene sheets. TFSI anions intercalated in the GIC do not show overall molecular motion; even at room temperature only the CF₃ groups rotate.     

Hybrid White Light Emitting Diode Based on Silicon Nanocrystals

A novel design of white light emitting diodes (WLEDs) emerges to meet the growing global demand for resource sustainability while preserving health and environment. To achieve this goal, a facile method is developed for the chemical synthesis of a luminescent silicon nanocrystal (ncSi) with a large Stokes shift between absorption and emission. The WLED is prepared by a simple spin‐coating method, and contains a hybrid‐bilayer of the ncSi and luminescent polymer in its device active region. Interestingly, a well‐controlled ultrathin ncSi layer on the polymer makes possible to recombine electrons and holes in both layers, respectively. Combining red and blue‐green lights, emitted from the ncSi and the polymer layers, respectively, produces the emission of white electroluminescence. Herein, a hybrid‐WLED with a sufficiently low turn‐on voltage (3.5 V), produced by taking advantages of the large Stokes shift inherent in ncSi, is demonstrated.     

不同类型辐射照射复合催乳素诱发大鼠乳腺肿瘤的效果

雌性 W/Fu 大鼠接受不同剂量的各种照射,然后移植分泌催乳素的垂体肿瘤,把它产生的催乳素做为乳腺肿瘤的促发剂,使射线的致癌效果更容易地表现出来,用以研究不同种类辐射的相对生物效应。结果表明,2.0MeV 裂变中子的致癌效果突出地高于其它类型的辐射,它分别为 X 线、14.1MeV 快中子和0.025eV 热中子的30,14和4.5倍。裂变中子照射的照射场与1945年广岛原爆的相当,因此这些实验结果对广岛、长崎原爆形成的中子和γ射线辐射剂量的再评价有一定参考价值。     

Photocatalytic Decomposition of Trichloro Ethylene and Nitrate Ion in Water on Hollandite-Type Catalysts

The photocatalytic activity of new hollandite compounds was investigated for the oxidative decomposition of trichloro ethylene (ClHC=CCl₂) and the selecive reduction of nitrate ion (NO ₃ ^- ) with methanol in water under UV irradiation. The ClHC=CCl₂ and the NO ₃ ^- in water are hazardous chemicals to humans. Social interest is put on the development of effective processes to remove these nuisances. The hollandite compounds have a one-dimensional tunnel structure and are well known as alkali ion conductors. In this study, their distinctive catalytic properties in gas phase under heating were applied to photocatalytic reactions. The hollandite catalysts which were prepared by the powder mixing method or sol-gel method had activities for the oxidation of ClHC=CCl₂ and the selective reduction of NO ₃ ^- with methanol in water under UV irradiation. The selective reduction of NO ₃ ^- with a reducing agent in the presence of dissolved oxygen in water would be the new way which has not been reported for ordinary photocatalysts such as titanium dioxide (TiO₂). Therefore, it was expected that this type of compound had a possibility as a new type of photocatalyst.     

Lightness dependency of chroma scales of a nonlinear color-appearance model and its latest formulation

It has been noticed that the lightness dependency of equal chroma loci of the nonlinear color-appearance model already reported deviates markedly from that of equal Chroma loci of the Munsell scheme. to solve this problem, the new chroma C_N of the model is proposed by applying the correction of lightness L_A to the chroma C previously used. the chroma C is now used to predict the saturation of the newly revised model. the introduction of C_N improves significantly the agreement of lightness dependency between the model chroma, the Munsell Chroma, and the NCS chromaticness at various lightness levels. the formulation for the revised nonlinear colorappearance model is given in the Appendix.     

Structure of anisotropic spheres obtained in the course of needle coke formation

Three kinds of spheres obtained from the heat-treated pitches which gave needle-like cokes were examined by means of an X-ray diffractometer (Diamond's method), an electron microscope and a magnetic balance to get their structural information. The precise chemical analyses were also obtained for spheres solubilized by the method of reductive alkylation. The planar condensed-ring compounds of relatively small size (6 ~ 15 Å) were revealed to align with preferred orientation to form the anisotropic sphere by these instrumental analyses. The molecular weight measurement showed that the sphere contained the molecules of molecular weight distributed from 400 to 3000 or more, and that the average molecular weight remained constant through the stages of their appearance, growth and initial coalescence in spite of the enlargement of the anisotropic domains. These results indicated that the smaller molecules are anchored to the larger ones by the π-π van der Waals forces to form the insoluble sphere. It can be also assumed that the growth of the spheres is not attained by their coalescence but by incorporation of smaller molecules in the matrix into the sphere at an adequate rate to increase their diameter as large as possible for the formation of a needle-like coke. The structural model of the sphere component was tried to be described by the chemical terms based on the results.     

Dual Nature of RAGE in Host Reaction and Nurturing the Mother–Infant Bond

Non-enzymatic glycation is an unavoidable reaction that occurs across biological taxa. The final products of this irreversible reaction are called advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). The endogenously formed AGEs are known to be bioactive and detrimental to human health. Additionally, exogenous food-derived AGEs are debated to contribute to the development of aging and various diseases. Receptor for AGEs (RAGE) is widely known to elicit biological reactions. The binding of RAGE to other ligands (e.g., high mobility group box 1, S100 proteins, lipopolysaccharides, and amyloid-β) can result in pathological processes via the activation of intracellular RAGE signaling pathways, including inflammation, diabetes, aging, cancer growth, and metastasis. RAGE is now recognized as a pattern-recognition receptor. All mammals have RAGE homologs; however, other vertebrates, such as birds, amphibians, fish, and reptiles, do not have RAGE at the genomic level. This evidence from an evolutionary perspective allows us to understand why mammals require RAGE. In this review, we provide an overview of the scientific knowledge about the role of RAGE in physiological and pathological processes. In particular, we focus on (1) RAGE biology, (2) the role of RAGE in physiological and pathophysiological processes, (3) RAGE isoforms, including full-length membrane-bound RAGE (mRAGE), and the soluble forms of RAGE (sRAGE), which comprise endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) and an ectodomain-shed form of RAGE, and (4) oxytocin transporters in the brain and intestine, which are important for maternal bonding and social behaviors.     

Existence of two kinds of representations of the helmholtz-kohlrausch effect. I. the experimental confirmation

In the representation of the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect, a new method (the VCC method using variable chromatic colors) is proposed in addition to the method used so far (the VAC method using variable achromatic colors). The new VCC method showed a significantly larger Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect than the VAC method previously used. For practical applications, the results by the VCC method are more effective than the VAC method. Three kinds of experiments are reported for clarifying the difference in effect between the two methods. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Association of nonionic polymer with hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon surfactant in aqueous solution

The interaction between a nonionic polymer and a hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon surfactant has been investigated by means of surface tension, viscosity, electroconductivity, fluorescence probing, solubilization of a waterinsoluble dye, and electron spin resonance (ESR). The systems studied consisted of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with lithium dodecyl sulfate (LiDS) or lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate (LiFOS). Surface tension measurements indicated that formation of PVP-surfactant complex is more favorable in the PVP-LiFOS system than in the PVP-LiDS system, and that the adsorbed amount of LiFOS is less than that of LiDS, although the CMCs of the surfactants are almost the same. In the PVP-LiFOS system, the relative viscosity and the solubilized amount of a water-insoluble dye showed a maximum at a certain concentration of LiFOS in the region between two transitions observed in the surface tension, where also a change in the slope of the electroconductivity is observed. These results indicate that shielding of effective charge of the PVP-LiFOS complex causes a conformational change of PVP wrapped around the aggregate of LiFOS with an increase of free surfactant in the bulk phase. The conformational change can be correlated with microenvironmental properties of PVP-surfactant complexes. The microviscosity estimated with ESR indicated that the headgroups of LiFOS adsorbed on PVP are less tightly packed than those of LiFOS micelles, while an opposite result was obtained in the PVP-LiDS system. In particular, the marked high viscosity at a low concentration of LiFOS in the PVP-LiFOS system can probably be attributed to rigidity of the fluorocarbon chain of LiFOS.