Preparation of ketoprofen‐loaded high‐molecular‐weight poly(vinyl alcohol) gels

High‐molecular‐weight atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) (a‐PVA) gels loaded with (R,S)‐2‐(3‐benzoylphenyl)propionic acid (ketoprofen) were prepared from 5, 6, 7, and 8 g/dL solutions of a‐PVA with a number‐average degree of polymerization of 4000 in an ethylene glycol/water mixture with an aging method to identify the effect of the initial polymer concentration on the swelling behavior, morphology, and thermal properties of a‐PVA gels. Then, the release behavior of ketoprofen from a‐PVA gels was investigated. As the polymer concentration decreased, the ability for network formation decreased, and the degree of swelling of the a‐PVA gels increased. In addition, the enthalpy increased with an increase in the a‐PVA concentration, but the melting temperatures of the gels prepared at different initial polymer concentrations were the same; this indicated that tighter gel networks would be formed by a higher polymer chain density. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

A study on crystallization kinetics of pentaerythritol in a batch cooling crystallizer

The crystallization kinetics of pentaerythritol (PeE) in aqueous solution in the presence of impurity or not in a batch cooling crystallizer was explored. Also, the solubility and the nucleation and crystal growth kinetics of PeE in aqueous solution were investigated. A second-order dependence of PeE growth rate on supersaturation is observed in pure PeE-water system. The crystal growth rate of PeE-water system in the presence of impurity is proportional to the supersaturation to the 3.5 power. The nucleation and crystal growth behaviors for PeE-water system in a batch cooling crystallizer were grasped according to Mersmann's criteria. The nucleation in this crystallizer was found to act with heterogeneous nucleation. In this system, it suggests that the crystal growth is controlled by a complex mechanism behavior of surface integrated and diffusion limited. Simplified relation was derived for calculation of mean crystal size of product crystals from the batch cooling crystallizer. The obtained relation was verified by a set of experiments.     

Selective Oxidation of Methanol to Formaldehyde Using Modified Iron-Molybdate Catalysts

Methanol selective oxidation to formaldehyde over a modified Fe-Mo catalyst with two different stoichiometric (Mo/Fe atomic ratio = 1.5 and 3.0) was studied experimentally in a fixed bed reactor over a wide range of reaction conditions. The physicochemical characterization of the prepared catalysts provides evidence that Fe₂(MoO₄)₃ is in fact the active phase of the catalyst. The experimental results of conversion of methanol and selectivity towards formaldehyde for various residence times were studied. The results showed that as the residence time increases the yield of formaldehyde decreases. Selectivity of formaldehyde decreases with increase in residence time. This result is attributable to subsequent oxidation of formaldehyde to carbon monoxide due to longer residence time.     

Rheological properties of ethylcellulose latex

Because of their large specific surface area, aqueous‐based pseudolatex systems of ethylcellulose can absorb large amounts of drugs. In addition, the stability of polymeric particles in biological fluids delays the release of the drug as in controlled drug delivery systems. The aim of the present study was to characterize the rheological properties of latex particles as a measure of their colloidal stability. Here, we report the effect of three variables: pH, electrolyte concentration, and temperature. The rheograms clearly show that the polymer suspensions displayed Bingham plastic behavior. Internal structuring of the latex was greatest at acid and natural pH values, particularly at the highest ionic strength. In acid solutions, only temperature appeared to play a fundamental role; both the shear stress corresponding to the onset of nonlinear viscoelasticity and the elastic modulus at all frequencies were higher at 37°C than those at room temperature. This is assumed to be a consequence of deformation of the polymer particles upon heating. The effect of ionic strength was noticeable only at the natural pH (pH ? 6.5). At high concentrations of sodium chloride, the particles aggregated because of the decrease in double layer repulsion, and as a result, the latex became structured and its elastic modulus subsequently increased. Interestingly, when the temperature was increased further, this structure presumably broke, down, at least partially, and the storage modulus was reduced. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 847–851, 2006     

Shear creep resistance of styrene–isoprene–styrene (SIS)‐based hot‐melt pressure‐sensitive adhesives

The effects of the properties of substrates and tackifier on the shear creep of SIS‐based HMPSAs were investigated. The holding power (t_b) and shear adhesion failure temperature (SAFT) were measured. The relationship between the complex viscosity and the holding power was examined. The holding power and SAFT values of the triblock SIS blends were higher than those of the diblock‐containing SIS blends, perhaps because blends using triblock SIS have higher crossover temperature and complex viscosity than those using diblock‐containing SIS. Higher levels of aromatic resin‐modified aliphatic tackifier and rosin ester were found to decrease the holding power of the HMPSAs. This maybe due to the fact that rosin ester and aromatic‐modified aliphatic resin are compatible with both the ends and midblocks of SIS. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 825–831, 2006     

High PVC film‐forming composite latex particles via miniemulsification,part 1: Preparation

Miniemulsification technology was used to encapsulate TiO₂ particles inside a styrene/n‐butyl acrylate copolymer with high loading levels (11 to 70% PVC (pigment volume concentration)). In this approach, a St/BA copolymer dissolved in toluene in the presence of a costabilizer (hexadecane) was mixed with a dispersion of TiO₂ particles in toluene and sonified, and then emulsified in an aqueous surfactant solution by sonification. The effect of sonification time on both the dispersibility of the TiO₂ particles in the presence of the copolymer and hexadecane and on the encapsulated particle size was investigated. Particle size analysis by dynamic light scattering showed that these composite latexes are quite stable. It was also found that as the TiO₂ loading increased from 11 to 43% PVC, the particle size of the TiO₂ dispersion decreased while the polymer‐encapsulated TiO₂ particle size increased. The effect of surfactant concentration (sodium lauryl sulfate, SLS) on the encapsulated particle size was investigated using four different SLS concentrations in the 11% PVC system. The results showed that as the SLS concentration increased the particle size decreased, as expected. Also it was found that the minimum surfactant concentration that gives stable encapsulated TiO₂ particles is above 10 mM SLS. The role of HD in the recipe was studied for an artificial latex containing no TiO₂ and one prepared at 11% PVC, in terms of particle size before and after solvent stripping, and its effect on the T_g. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4504–4516, 2006     

Morphology,thermal, and mechanical properties of polyamide 66/clay nanocomposites with epoxy‐modified organoclay

A new kind of organophilic clay, cotreated by methyl tallow bis‐2‐hydroxyethyl quaternary ammonium and epoxy resin into sodium montmorillonite (to form a strong interaction with polyamide 66 matrix), was prepared and used in preparing PA66/clay nanocomposites (PA66CN) via melt‐compounding method. Three different types of organic clays, CL30B–E00, CL30B–E12, and CL30B–E23, were used to study the effect of epoxy resin in PA66CN. The morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties have been studied using X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), mechanical, and thermal analysis, respectively. TEM analysis of the nanocomposites shows that most of the silicate layers were exfoliated to individual layers and to some thin stacks containing a few layers. PA66CX–E00 and PA66CX–E12 had nearly exfoliated structures in agreement with the SAXS results, while PA66CX–E23 shows a coexistence of intercalated and exfoliated structures. The storage modulus of PA66 nanocomposites was higher than that of the neat PA66 in the whole range of tested temperature. On the other hand, the magnitude of the loss tangent peak in α‐ or β‐transition region decreased gradually with the increase in the clay loading. Multiple melting behavior in PA66 was also observed. Thermal stability more or less decreased with an increasing inorganic content. Young's modulus and tensile strength were enhanced by introducing organoclay. Among the three types of nanocomposites prepared, PA66CX–E12 showed the highest improvement in properties, while PA66CX–E23 showed properties inferior to that of PA66CX–E00 without epoxy resin. In conclusion, an optimum amount of epoxy resin is required to form the strong interaction with the amide group of PA66. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1711–1722, 2006     

Water sorption of poly(vinyl alcohol)/ poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels

Temperature‐responsive interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels constructed with poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) using the sequential IPN method were studied. The characteristics of IPN hydrogels were investigated using the dynamic vapor sorption system. IPN hydrogels exhibited a relatively high sorption ratio, 180–360% at room temperature. The sorption ratio of hydrogels depended on temperature. Diffusion coefficients were calculated according to the Fickian Law at several temperatures. The apparent activation energy was 5.43 kJ mol^?1, which corresponds to typical diffusion processes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1389–1392, 2003     

Dispersant-free dyeing of polyester with temporarily solubilised azo disperse dyes from 1-substituted-2-hydroxypyrid-6-one derivatives

Four temporarily solubilised azo disperse dyes based on 1-substituted-2-hydroxypyrid-6-one were synthesised and characterised. The dyes showed high extinction coefficients and had a yellow shade on polyester fabric. They were successfully applied to polyester without the use of dispersants and the optimum pH was found to be 5. It was found that the dyes could be alkali-cleared due to ionisation of the dye under mild alkaline conditions. The dyes exhibited good to excellent fastness properties on the polyester fabric.     

Characteristics of electrical responsive chitosan/polyallylamine interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel

An interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel composed of chitosan and polyallylamine exhibited electric‐sensitive behavior. The chitosan/polyallylamine IPN hydrogel was synthesized by radical polymerization using 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone (DMPAP) and methylene bisacrylicamide (MBAAm) as initiator and crosslinker, respectively. The swelling behavior of the IPN was studied by immersion of the gel samples in aqueous NaCl solutions at various concentrations and pHs. The swelling ratio decreased with increasing concentration and pH of electrolyte solution. The stimuli response of the IPN hydrogel in electric fields was also investigated. When a swollen the IPN was placed between a pair of electrodes, the IPN exhibited bending behavior in response to the applied electric field. The IPN also showed stepwise bending behavior depending on the electric stimulus. In addition, thermal properties of the IPN were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dielectric analysis (DEA). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2290–2295, 2002