Preparation and characterization of strongly swellable modified-lignosulfonate hydrogel particles

Lignosulfonate is one of the main byproducts of paper industry. The development and research activities on this important substance have drawn widespread interest in the world. Sodium lignosulfonate was modified by heating in acidic environment and then transferred the modified sodium lignosulfonate into sodium hydroxide solution for further stirring. An insoluble fraction was separated and washed thoroughly with de-ionized water to neutral. Finally, the modified sodium lignosulfonate hydrogel particles were obtained. The obtained hydrogel particles were ultrasonically dispersed in water to form a modified sodium lignosulfonate micro-hydrogel with mean sizes of 300–400 nm. This indicated that the modified sodium lignosulfonate hydrogel particles were generated by the agglomeration of modified sodium lignosulfonate micro-hydrogel. The hydrogel particles were characterized by physical and spectral methods involving infrared radiation, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscope. The xerogels formed by drying modification of sodium lignosulfonate hydrogel particles showed a high water-adsorption of 31.2 g/g. In addition, the effect of reaction parameters on water swelling capacity and xerogel yield were also investigated, which include heating temperature, base treatment temperature, and concentration of sodium hydroxide solution. The research results indicated that the yield of modified sodium lignosulfonate hydrogel increases with higher heating temperature and decreases with higher alkali treatment temperature and concentration of sodium hydroxide solution. The water swelling capacity of the modified sodium lignosulfonate hydrogel increased slightly with higher heating temperature, but remained unaffected by the alkali treatment temperature and concentration of sodium hydroxide.     

Preparation of high-refractive-index PMMA/TiO2 nanocomposites by one-step in situ solvothermal method

High-refractive index polymeric materials, which are transparent, have many promising applications in optical design and advanced optoelectronic fabrication. In order to improve the refractive index of polymeric materials, inorganic materials with high-refractive index, such as TiO₂, are always added into polymers. However, some of the traditional synthetic methods are complicated and hard to control. In our work, we developed a novel and simple method, a one-step in situ solvothermal method, to prepare poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and nano-TiO₂ hybrid films. Methyl methacrylate (MMA), vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMO), titanium butoxide [Ti(OBu)₄], ethanol, hydrochloric acid, azobis-isobutyronitrile and tetrahydrofuran were added into a reaction vessel altogether and the polymerization of PMMA matrix and the formation of nano-TiO₂ composite carried out simultaneously. To improve the adhesion between PMMA and TiO₂, VTMO was used as a comonomer. The results indicate that TiO₂ nanoparticles produced by decomposition of titanium butoxide are dispersed homogeneously in the PMMA matrix. The size of TiO₂ crystals in PMMA/TiO₂ nanocomposites is about 5–6 nm. The hybrid films have a good transparency (over 80 %) in the visible region, a good thermal stability and a UV-shielding property after the incorporation of TiO₂. The refractive index of as-formed PMMA/TiO₂ nanocomposites increases up to 1.839 at 633 nm as the content of Ti(OBu)₄ is 50.00 wt%.     

聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃方法研究进展

聚氨酯作为一种性能稳定的材料,广泛应用于社会生产生活的各个领域.聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃方法可分为反应型阻燃法、非反应型阻燃剂法、协同阻燃法、浸渍阻燃法、引入阻燃结构法.作者主要介绍了各种阻燃方法的研究进展,概述了阻燃方法研究新领域,并对今后阻燃聚氨酯泡沫研究开发提出了展望.     

微波辐射下氯代苯胺基吡咯亚胺类化合物的合成及其晶体结构

将2-乙酰基吡咯作为前驱体与取代位置不同的芳香胺:邻氯苯胺、间氯苯胺、对氯苯胺在微波辐射下反应时发现,当氯原子(钝化基团)处于苯环的间位及对位时,芳香胺与2-乙酰基吡咯可成功发生希夫碱缩合反应得到吡咯亚胺化合物Ⅰa和Ⅰb;而当氯原子处于苯环邻位时,二者不发生反应。Ⅰa和Ⅰb的结构经X射线单晶衍射,1HNMR、IR、MS和元素分析表征证实为预期化合物。X射线单晶衍射测定结果表明,Ⅰa属单斜晶系,空间群C2/C,晶体参数a=2.372 2(15)×10-9m,b=5.720(4)×10-10m,c=1.686 8(11)×10-9m,β=98.404(10)°,V=2.264(3)×10-27m3,Z=8,D c=1.283 g/cm3,R1=0.041 9,ωR2=0.119 5。Ⅰb属单斜晶系,空间群P21/C,晶胞参数a=1.332 3(3)×10-9m,b=9.802(2)×10-10m,c=9.107(2)×10-10m,β=109.212(4)°,V=1.123 1(4)×10-27m3,Z=4,D c=1.293 g/cm3,R1=0.047 2,ωR2=0.118 9。对芳香胺上钝化基团的位置对希夫碱缩合反应的影响也进行了初步探讨。     

GO的加入方式对GO/PF复合材料性能的影响

分别采用原位聚合、物理共混和球磨方法制备氧化石墨烯(GO)/酚醛树脂(PF)复合材料,研究GO的不同加入方式对GO/PF复合材料的热性能、力学性能、动态力学性能、蠕变和应力松弛的影响。研究结果表明:通过原位聚合法,GO/PF复合材料初始分解温度比纯酚醛树脂提高了43.8℃,冲击强度提高了18.6%;通过球磨法,GO/PF原位复合材料的玻璃化转变温度提高了7.9℃,蠕变性能和松弛模量分别提高了64.7%和58.6%,表明GO的加入方式对GO/PF复合材料的结构和性能具有较大的影响。     

生物科学专业基因工程教学改革初探

《基因工程》是我校生物科学专业的主干课程之一。该课程是一门具有很强实践性的技术学科,本课程教学质量的好坏将直接关系到学生的专业素质、动手能力以及创新能力的培养。本教研室从教学内容、教学方法和手段、构建网络教学平台,实验教学和考核方式等五个方面入手,对《基因工程》传统的教学模式进行了一系列的改革,实践证明取得了一定的成效。     

高回收率反渗透海水淡化工艺的应用研究进展

回收率是反渗透系统设计中一个非常关键的参数,决定着进水处理系统(取水、预处理系统和高压泵)的尺寸和占地面积。但系统回收率的提高需要较高的操作压力,由此带来较快的膜污染和频繁的膜元件清洗与更换。目前,在不加剧膜污染的条件下进一步提高海水淡化系统回收率的方法已成为该领域研究热点。本文详细综述了国内外高回收率反渗透海水淡化工艺的应用研究进展,包括基于纳滤海水软化的集成膜过程和热膜耦合海水淡化过程,以及这些过程面临的结垢问题和影响因素,并针对目前的研究方向提出了建议。     

Optimal reaction conditions for the minimization of energy consumption and by‐product formation in a poly(ethylene terephthalate) process

We determined the optimal reaction conditions to minimize the energy cost and the quantities of by‐products for a poly(ethylene terephthalate) process by using the iterative dynamic programming (IDP) algorithm. Here, we employed a sequence of three reactor models: the semibatch transesterification reactor model, the semibatch prepolymerization reactor model, and the rotating‐disc‐type polycondensation reactor model. We selectively chose or developed the reactor models by incorporating experimentally verified kinetic models reported in the literature. We established the model for the entire reactor system by connecting the three reactor models in series and by resolving some joint problems arising when different types of reactor models were interconnected. On the basis of the simulation results of the reactor system, we scrutinized the cause and effect between the reaction conditions and the final quality of the polymer product. Here, we set up the optimization strategy by using IDP on the basis of the integrated reactor model, and the process variables with significant influence on the properties of polymer were selected as control variables with the help of a simulation study. With this method, we could refine the reaction conditions at the end of each iteration step by contracting the spectra of control regions, and the iteration process finally stopped when the profile of the optimal trajectory converged. We also took the constraints on the control variables into account to guarantee polymer quality and to suppress side reactions. Constituting six different strategies by setting weighting vectors differently, we examined the differences in optimal trajectories, the trend of optimality, and the quality of the final polymer product. For each of the strategies, we conducted the optimization to examine whether the number‐average degree of polymerization approached the desired value. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 993–1008, 2002     

Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the extraction of chelated copper(II) anions with Aliquat 336

The equilibrium and kinetics of solvent extraction of Cu²⁺ from aqueous solutions containing equimolar EDTA with Aliquat 336 in n‐decanol and kerosene at 298 K were investigated. The concentrations of Cu²⁺ (8–50 mol m^?3), Cl^? (5–60 mol m^?3), and Aliquat 336 (20–100 mol m^?3) were varied. A semi‐empirical model with three parameters was proposed to describe the equilibrium behavior, in which the non‐idealities in both aqueous and organic phases were considered. Over the ranges studied, the model agreed reasonably well with the experimental data (standard deviation, 15%). The forward and backward reaction rate constants were determined as (5.31 ± 0.16)×10^?6 m^9/4 mol^?3/4 s^?1 and (2.62 ± 0.09)×10^?7 s^?1, respectively, at 298 K. An interfacial reaction mechanism was proposed, which revealed that the reaction between the chelated anions and trimeric amine molecules at the interface was rate limiting. The derived rate laws were consistent with the experimental results. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry