An efficient algorithm for incrementally mining frequent closed itemsets

The purpose of mining frequent itemsets is to identify the items in groups that always appear together and exceed the user-specified threshold of a transaction database. However, numerous frequent itemsets may exist in a transaction database, hindering decision making. Recently, the mining of frequent closed itemsets has become a major research issue because sets of frequent closed itemsets are condensed yet complete representations of frequent itemsets. Therefore, all frequent itemsets can be derived from a group of frequent closed itemsets. Nonetheless, the number of transactions in a transaction database can increase rapidly in a short time period, and a number of the transactions may be outdated. Thus, frequent closed itemsets may be changed with the addition of new transactions or the deletion of old transactions from the transaction database. Updating previously closed itemsets when transactions are added or removed from the transaction database is challenging. This study proposes an efficient algorithm for incrementally mining frequent closed itemsets without scanning the original database. The proposed algorithm updates closed itemsets by performing several operations on the previously closed itemsets and added/deleted transactions without searching the previously closed itemsets. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms previous methods, which require a substantial length of time to search previously closed itemsets.     

A Framework for Moving Least Squares Method with Total Variation Minimizing Regularization

In this paper, we propose a computational framework to incorporate regularization terms used in regularity based variational methods into least squares based methods. In the regularity based variational approach, the image is a result of the competition between the fidelity term and a regularity term, while in the least squares based approach the image is computed as a minimizer to a constrained least squares problem. The total variation minimizing denoising scheme is an exemplary scheme of the former approach with the total variation term as the regularity term, while the moving least squares method is an exemplary scheme of the latter approach. Both approaches have appeared in the literature of image processing independently. By putting schemes from both approaches into a single framework, the resulting scheme benefits from the advantageous properties of both parties. As an example, in this paper, we propose a new denoising scheme, where the total variation minimizing term is adopted by the moving least squares method. The proposed scheme is based on splitting methods, since they make it possible to express the minimization problem as a linear system. In this paper, we employed the split Bregman scheme for its simplicity. The resulting denoising scheme overcomes the drawbacks of both schemes, i.e., the staircase artifact in the total variation minimizing based denoising and the noisy artifact in the moving least squares based denoising method. The proposed computational framework can be utilized to put various combinations of both approaches with different properties together.     

Water-induced effects of hydrogen adsorption on Ru(001)

Adsorption and desorption of hydrogen and coadsorption of H₂ with H₂O and CO over Ru(00l) surface have been studied under UHV conditions using the technique of TDS. Surface hydrogen interacts with adsorbed water resulting in an additional desorption state at 510 K which is not easily displaced by CO, but the total number of adsorption sites for hydrogen adsorption is independent of the amount of H₂O predosed at room temperature. Hydrogen adsorption is blocked easily by CO dose (more than 0.5 L) or a small amount of O(a) formed from dissociative adsorption of water, and adsorbed hydrogen formed in the absence of significant water is easily displaced by CO dose at even room temperature.     

Fault identification for process monitoring using kernel principal component analysis

In this research, we develop a new fault identification method for kernel principal component analysis (kernel PCA). Although it has been proved that kernel PCA is superior to linear PCA for fault detection, the fault identification method theoretically derived from the kernel PCA has not been found anywhere. Using the gradient of kernel function, we define two new statistics which represent the contribution of each variable to the monitoring statistics, Hotelling's T²and squared prediction error (SPE) of kernel PCA, respectively. The proposed statistics which have similar concept to contributions in linear PCA are directly derived from the mathematical formulation of kernel PCA and thus they are straightforward to understand. The main contribution of this work is that we firstly suggest a fault identification method especially applicable to process monitoring using kernel PCA. To demonstrate the performance, the proposed method is applied to two simulated processes, one is a simple nonlinear process and the other is a non-isothermal CSTR process. The simulation results show that the proposed method effectively identifies the source of various types of faults.     

Non-isothermal laminar pipe flow — II. Experimental

In a previous article [1] theoretical predictions of velocity distributions, pressure drops and mean Nusselt-numbers are given for non-isothermal pipe flow of power-law fluids having a temperature dependent consistency-index. In the present investigation these solutions are checked for Newtonian fluids with extensive experimental data.A flow visualization technique was used for measuring the non-isothermal, laminar velocity profiles of glycerol in a round tube. Furthermore, accurate pressure drop measurements were carried out for non-isothermal tube flow of a viscous. Newtonian liquid. Finally logarithmic mean heat transfer coefficients were measured in laminar flow heat transfer.The experimental velocity profiles, pressure drops and heat transfer coefficients show a good agreement with those predicted theoretically.     

Vitamin A microencapsulation within poly(methyl methacrylate)‐g‐polyethylenimine microspheres: Localized proton buffering effect on vitamin A stability

To stabilize vitamin A in a cosmetic/dermatological formulation, we present here a new encapsulation method based on polymer microspheres having a localized “proton‐buffering” capacity. Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐g‐polyethylenimine (PMMA‐g‐PEI) was prepared by direct condensation grafting of PEI onto poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐methyl acrylic acid). The reaction was confirmed by FT‐IR analysis showing the amide vibration at 1,550 cm^?1. Elemental analysis indicated that the weight content of the grafted PEI was 1.6% (w/w). Vitamin A was encapsulated into PMMA‐g‐PEI microspheres by using an oil‐in‐water (O/W) single emulsion method. The presence of PEI moiety dramatically improved the chemical stability of vitamin A in microspheres. Vitamin A encapsulated within PMMA‐g‐PEI microspheres maintained 91% of its initial activity after 30‐day incubation at 40°C, while only maintaining 60% within plain PMMA microspheres. This study demonstrates that proton‐buffering within hydrophobic polymer matrix is a useful strategy for stabilizing “acid‐labile” active ingredients. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 517–522, 2004     

Flaw-Tolerance and R-Curve Behavior of Liquid-Phase-Sintered Silicon Carbides with Different Microstructures

β-SiC powder containing 6 wt% A1₂O₃ and 4 wt% Y₂O₃ as sintering additives was pressureless sintered at 2000°C for 1 h (AYE-SiC) and 3 h (AYP-SiC). AYE-SiC consisted of an equiaxed grain structure and AYP-SiC exhibited a micro-structure with platelike grains as a result of grain growth related to β→α phase transformation during sintering, R -curve behavior and flaw tolerance for these silicon carbides were evaluated by the indentation-strength technique. For comparison, the R -curve behavior of conventional sintered, boron- and carbon-doped SiC (SS-SiC) was evaluated. AYE-SiC and AYP-SiC exhibited rising R -curve behavior with toughening exponents of m = 0.042 and m = 0.135, respectively. AYP-SiC exhibited better flaw tolerance and more sharply rising R -curve behavior than AYE-SiC. The more sharply rising R -curve behavior and the better flaw tolerance of AYP-SiC were attributed mainly to grain bridging of crack faces by platelike grains. Because of the high degree of transgranular fracture, SS-SiC exhibited a flat R -curve despite a microstructural feature with platelike grains.     

Morphology and activity of nanosized NdCl3 catalyst for 1,3‐butadiene polymerization

The binary lanthanide catalyst for 1,3‐butadiene was invented for 40 years ago. However, it has not been employed in commercial application due to its poor solubility and low activity. Nanosized neodymium chloride (NdCl₃) was prepared in tetrahydrofuran (THF) medium through dissolution, chelation, and colloidal formation steps. Anhydrous NdCl₃ was dissolved in THF, and ca. 1.5 THF molecules were coordinated. In the colloidal formation step, THF was slowly replaced with the addition of cyclohexane, and pale blue nuclei, nanosize below 200 nm, were formed. The structural studies for NdCl₃ · xTHF using X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicate that high ordered crystallinity is decreased with reduced particle size from trigonal prismatic to porous sphere structure. Nano NdCl₃, obtained as colloidal state in cyclohexane, was activated with Al(iBu)₃ and Al(iBu)₂H at room temperature and employed for 1,3‐butadiene solution polymerization. The nanosized Nd catalysts showed high activity (1.0 ～ 1.3 × 10⁵ g/Nd mol · h), which is comparable to that of the ternary neodymium catalyst Nd(neodecanoate)₃/AlEt₂Cl/Al(iBu)₃. The microstructures of polybutadiene, cis, trans, and vinyl, are about 96.0, 3.5, and 0.5%, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1279–1283, 2005     

Novel positive‐working aqueous‐base developable photosensitive polyimide precursors based on diazonaphthoquinone‐capped polyamic esters

Novel positive‐working aqueous‐base developable photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) precursors based on partially diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ)‐capped polyamic esters bearing phenolic hydroxyl groups and a DNQ photosensitive compound (PIC‐3) were developed. The partially DNQ capped polyamic esters were prepared from an esterification reaction of 1,2‐naphthoquinone diazide‐5‐sulfonyl chloride with the polyamic esters. The partially DNQ capped polyamic esters decreased the dark film loss effectively in the aqueous‐base developer and were able to make thicker film resists compared to the uncapped polyamic esters. The 25 mol % DNQ‐capped BisAPAF–PMDA polyamic ester and BisAPAF–ODPA polyamic ester containing 25 wt % PIC‐3 photosensitive compound showed a sensitivity of 176 and 185 mJ/cm², and a contrast of 1.68 and 1.02, respectively, in a 3‐μm film with 1.25 wt % tetramethylammonium hydroxide developer. A pattern with a resolution of 5 μm was obtained from both PSPI precursor compositions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2293–2300, 2003     

THERMAL CONVECTIVE INSTABILITY IN TRANSLUCENT POROUS MEDIA WITH RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER

The onset of thermal convection in a translucent porous layer is considered. Attention is focused on the effect of radiative heat transfer on the critical Rayleigh-Darcy number and the convection cell shape. If we consider the contribution of radiative heat transfer, the basic temperature profile is non-linear and the thermal convective instability is influenced by the ratio of conduction to radiation heat flux, the temperatures at the boundary surfaces, and radiative parameters such as wall emissivity, scattering albedo and extinction coefficient as well as the usual Rayleigh-Darcy number. Effects of these parameters on the onset of convective instability are investigated with the help of linear stability theory employing the Darcy's law and the radiative transport equation simplified by the P₁ approximation. The increased effective thermal conductivity due lo the radiation inhibits the onset of convection and causes increased critical Rayleigh-Darcy number and decreased convection cell size. The results of the present work may be exploited to find out the optimal diameter of aerogel pellets and the air pressure in the double pane window filled with the translucent silica aerogel granules to suppress natural convection.