Infection of human marrow stroma by human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is both required and sufficient for HIV-1-induced hematopoietic suppression in vitro: demonstration by gene modification of primary human stroma

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection often present with bone marrow (BM) failure that may affect all hematopoietic lineages. It is presently unclear whether this failure reflects a direct viral impairment of the CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells or whether the virus affects the BM microenvironment. To study the effects of HIV-1 on the BM microenvironment, we examined the stromal cell monolayers in long-term BM culture (LTBMC), which are the in vitro equivalent of the hematopoietic microenvironment. We assessed the hematopoietic support function (HSF) of human stromal layers by determining the cellular proliferation and colony-forming ability of hematopoietic progenitors from BM cells grown on the stromal layers. We show that the HSF is reduced by in vitro infection of the human stromal cell layer by a monocytotropic isolate of HIV-1 (JR-FL). There is no loss of HSF when the stromal cell layer is resistant to HIV-1 replication, either using murine stromal cell layers that are innately resistant to HIV-1 infection or using human stromal cells genetically modified to express a gene that inhibits HIV-1 replication (an RRE decoy). Decreased HSF was seen using either human or murine hematopoietic cells, if the stromal cells were human cells that were susceptible to HIV-1 infection. These in vitro studies implicate HIV-1 replication in the stroma as the essential component causing decreased hematopoietic cell production in HIV-1 infection.     

Preparing for Program Accreditation Review Under ABET Engineering Criteria 2000: Choosing Outcome Indicators

This paper examines a variety of outcome indicators that might be used by an engineering program in meeting the assessment requirements of ABET Engineering Criteria 2000. Several categories of indicator are identified and key characteristics of these means of assessment are discussed. Also noted are some of the engineering applications of outcome indicators documented on the World Wide Web. Finally, the results of a recent telephone/fax survey on the use of outcome indicators in engineering program assessment are summarized.     

Therapist attitudes as influenced by A-B therapist type, patient diagnosis, and social class.

Attempted to clarify a number of inconsistent and contradictory findings regarding interactions between patient diagnosis (schizophrenic vs. neurotic) and the A-B therapist variable. 37 psychiatric residents completed Kemp's version of the A-B scale. The 10 highest and 10 lowest scorers then rated 4 patient vignettes on likability, discomfort, interest in treating, and prognosis. Patient social class as well as diagnosis were systematically controlled. Results support some of the previous research on likability but provided no support for other A-B * Patient Type interactions. A number of main effects for diagnosis and social class indicate that, in general, residents of both types hold more favorable attitudes toward neurotic and middle-class patients than they do toward schizophrenic and lower-class patients. (23 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The joint and differential perceived contribution of parents to adolescents' cognitive functioning.

Administered the Personality Research Form (PRF) and the Parent Behavior Form (PBF) to 301 female and 101 male undergraduates; American College Testing Program (ACT) scores were also obtained. Analyses revealed that PRF scales indicative of intellectual orientation and approach to tasks (Understanding, Achievement, and Endurance), as well as ACT scores, were related principally to parental cognitive behaviors (the parents' encouragement of intellectual independence, competence, and curiosity) for both males and females. In addition, differential and joint effects of parents were obtained depending upon the sex of the child. Findings suggest that parental cognitive behaviors, which have received little experimental attention, are saliently related to child intellectual characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reactions of peroxides: II. Reaction of carboxylic acids with iodine and peroxides

Aroyl peroxides andt-butylperoxy isopropyl carbonate decarboxylate aliphatic carboxylic acids in the presence of iodine to form iodides in high yields. The aroyl peroxides also abstract carboxylic acid hydrogen from aromatic and perfluorocarbon acids. A proposed scheme is presented for the reaction of aroyl peroxides with carboxylic acids illustrating homolytic decarboxylation as taking place in an equilibrium between a pair of acyloxy radicals. These radicals are derived from the peroxide and acid and maintained in association by hydrogen bonding and iodine complexation. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Washington, D.C., March 1968. ARS, USDA.     

Role of visual imprinting in the emergence of specific filial attachments in ducklings.

Conducted 2 experiments with a total of 36 1-11 day old Khaki Campbell ducklings, to assess the suppression of distress vocalization by 2 distinctive stimuli before and after Ss were imprinted to 1 of the stimuli. In Exp. I, both stimuli strongly suppressed distress calls initially. At 5 days of age, however, only the stimulus involved in imprinting suppressed the calls. Results suggest that the loss of control by the nonimprinted stimulus was age-related and represented the development of fear to insufficiently-familiar stimuli. In Exp. II, 5-11 day old Ss were permitted lengthy exposure to a novel imprinting-type stimulus. Under these circumstances, distress vocalization eventually came under stimulus control. The overall pattern of results suggests that through imprinting, stimuli that innately evoke filial behavior become familiar and thus are prevented from later evoking novelty-induced fear. (16 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relation of formal thought disorder to the communication deficit in schizophrenics.

Evaluated 40 schizophrenics and 20 normals on a social communication task and on an individual cognitive task, both designed to reveal decentering deficits. It was hypothesized that the processes underlying the schizophrenic's thought disorder are formally similar to the processes involved in his deviant organization of social situations, specifically social communication, with both deficits to be interpreted in terms of faulty decentering. Schizophrenics manifested a decentering deficit on both the social communication (p