Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mullite–Silicon Carbide Composites

Mullite-SiC-whisker composites were prepared by powder processing using two commercial SiC whiskers. These composites were prepared by sintering rather than hot-pressing. A mulliteSlC-powder composite and a base line mallite material were also prepared for comparison with the two whisker composite materials. Fracture toughness measurements showed significant enhancement in only one of the whisker composite materials. The microstructure of the four materials was examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to assist in the explanation of the mechanical behavior of these composites. The examinations suggested that most of the toughening results from second-phase particles, with only limited toughening from effects associated with whiskers per se. In one case, higher toughness was partially associated with the formation of sialon phase by reaction with the whiskers and the furnace environment.     

Compressive strength and hydration of wastepaper sludge ash-ground granulated blastfurnace slag blended pastes

Compressive strength and hydration characteristics of wastepaper sludge ash-ground granulated blastfurnace slag (WSA-GGBS) blended pastes were investigated at a water to binder (w/b) ratio of 0.5. The strength results are compared to those of normal Portland cement (PC) paste and relative strengths are reported. Early relative strengths (1 day) of WSA-GGBS pastes were very low but a marked gain in relative strength occurred between 1 and 7 days and this increased further after 28 and 90 days. For the 50% WSA-50% GGBS blended paste, the strength achieved at 90 days was nearly 50% of that of the PC control paste. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis were carried out to identify the mineral components in the WSA and the hydration products of WSA and WSA-GGBS pastes. The principal crystalline components in the WSA are gehlenite, calcium oxide, bredigite and α′-C₂S (stabilised with Al and Mg) together with small amounts of anorthite and calcium carbonate and traces of calcium hydroxide and quartz. The α′-C₂S and bredigite, which phase separate from liquid phase that forms a glass on cooling, are difficult to distinguish by XRD. The hydration products identified in WSA paste are CH, C₄AH₁₃, C₃A.0.5CC?.0.5CH.H_11.5 and C-S-H gel plus possible evidence of small amounts of C₂ASH₈ and C₃A.3CS?.H₃₂. Based upon the findings, a hydration mechanism is presented, and a model is proposed to explain the observed strength development.     

The effect of various anti-setting systems in wool dyeing. Part 3; Sodium thiocyanate based systems

Wool fabrics undergo setting during dyeing. The degree of set can be controlled by careful selection of dyebath conditions and also by the addition to the dyebath of chemicals termed anti-setting agents. The anti-setting effect of sodium thiocyanate has been evaluated according to its concentration in the dyebath and the dyebath pH. The fabric crease-angle method was adopted to estimate the degree of anti-setting. In the case of wool fabric boiled in the presence of sodium thiocyanate, good anti-setting effects resulted from the pH 3 and pH 5 treatment baths. Chemical changes in the wool were detected using FTIR analysis.     

Dyeing cotton with reactive dyes under neutral conditions

This paper describes a new method to dye cotton with selected reactive dyes by long-liquor – or so-called 'exhaustion'– processes under neutral conditions. Particularly promising results were obtained with reactive dyes containing free vinyl sulphone residues. Although there are dyes on the market that contain free vinyl sulphone groups, for example, the Novacron C (Huntsman) range of dyes, many of this class contain 'blocked' vinyl sulphone residues; examples include sulphatoethylsulphone or chloroethylsulphone precursor groups, and these may be preactivated to the highly reactive vinyl sulphone form simply by a mild alkali treatment. After this activation, neutral, long-liquor dyeings can be carried out at the boil in the presence of electrolyte. This new dyeing method gave very good results in terms of overall fixation efficiency values, without the need for alkali additions.     

Specificity of Systemically Released Cotton Volatiles as Attractants for Specialist and Generalist Parasitic Wasps

Cotton plants under herbivore attack release volatile semiochemicals that attract natural enemies of the herbivores to the damaged plant. The volatiles released in response to herbivory are not only released from the damaged leaves but from the entire cotton plant. We found that cotton plants that released myrcene, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)--ocimene, linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, (E)--farnesene, and (E, E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene systemically from undamaged leaves of caterpillar damaged plants were attractive to the generalist parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris and the specialist parasitoid Microplitis croceipes. Plants from which the caterpillar damaged leaves were removed and that released those compounds systemically were significantly preferred over undamaged control plants in two-choice experiments in a flight tunnel. Artificially damaged cotton plants that released green leafy volatiles and constitutive terpenoids were less attractive for M. croceipes and C. marginiventris. Only C. marginiventris preferred artificially damaged plants over undamaged control plants, whereas M. croceipes showed no preference. The apparent lack of specificity of systemically released compounds in response to different herbivores feeding on the lower leaves is discussed.     

Biomic river restoration: A new focus for river management

River management based solely on physical science has proven to be unsustainable and unsuccessful, evidenced by the fact that the problems this approach intended to solve (e.g., flood hazards, water scarcity, and channel instability) have not been solved and long‐term deterioration in river environments has reduced the capacity of rivers to continue meeting the needs of society. In response, there has been a paradigm shift in management over the past few decades, towards river restoration. But the ecological, morphological, and societal benefits of river restoration have, on the whole, been disappointing. We believe that this stems from the fact that restoration overrelies on the same physical analyses and approaches, with flowing water still regarded as the universally predominant driver of channel form and structural intervention seen as essential to influencing fluvial processes. We argue that if river restoration is to reverse long‐standing declines in river functions, it is necessary to recognize the influence of biology on river forms and processes and re‐envisage what it means to restore a river. This entails shifting the focus of river restoration from designing and constructing stable channels that mimic natural forms to reconnecting streams within balanced and healthy biomes, and so levering the power of biology to influence river processes. We define this new approach as biomic river restoration.     

Synthesis,structure, and characterization of the thorium zirconolite CaZr1-xThxTi2O7 system

A series of zirconolite ceramics with composition CaZr_1-xTh_xTi₂O₇ (Δx = 0.10) were reactively sintered at 1350°C for 20 h, in air (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.60) and 5% H₂/N₂ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.40). A sample with composition corresponding to x = 0.20 was also produced by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 1300°C and 100 MPa for 4 hours. Th⁴⁺ immobilization was most readily achieved under oxidizing conditions, with Th⁴⁺ preferentially incorporated within a pyrochlore-structured phase in the range 0.10 ≤ x ≤ 0.50, yet formation of the zirconolite-4M polytype was not observed. We report the novel synthesis of single-phase pyrochlore with nominal composition CaZr_0.40Th_0.60Ti₂O₇ when targeting x = 0.60. Th⁴⁺ incorporation under reducing conditions produced a secondary Th-bearing perovskite, comprising 24.2 ± 0.6 wt% of the phase assemblage when targeting x = 0.40, alongside 8.8 ± 0.3 wt% undigested ThO₂. Under reducing conditions, powder XRD data were consistent with zirconolite adopting the 3T polytype structure. The sample produced by HIP presented a nonequilibrium phase assemblage, yielding a major phase of zirconolite-2M alongside accessory Th⁴⁺-bearing phases ThTi₂O₆, ThO₂, and perovskite. These data highlight the efficacy of Th⁴⁺ as a Pu⁴⁺ surrogate, with implications for the formation of Zr-stabilized Th-pyrochlore phases as matrices for waste with elevated Th⁴⁺ content.     

Correlations between electrical resistance-hydrogen pressure relationships of the Pd/Pt/H system and alterations of structure with changes of hydrogen content in the Pd/H system

For higher Pt content alloys of the Pd/Pt series of alloys, relationships at 25 °C between hydrogen content, n, and incremental changes of specific electrical resistance, Δρ, seem representable to a good approximation by a common curve, with a maximum of Δρ near n = 0.5 of similar form to ‘Nordheim’ types of relationship between resistivity and composition appropriate to substitutional alloys. An attempt has been made to assess whether phase-transition-related deviations from this symmetrical form of Δρ-n relationship in the cases of palladium itself and Pd/Pt alloys with lower Pt contents may provide useful guidance concerning the sequence of hydrogen occupation of interstitial sites in and β(′) phases (domains) of these systems.