Pore deformation and grain boundary migration during sintering in porous materials: a phase-field approach

Grain growth in porous ceramics is a complex process due to the variety of interactions between pores and grains. In this study, the pore deformation and grain boundary migration during porous ceramic sintering are simulated by the phase-field method, and the variety of diffusions during sintering is considered. Pores of different shapes and sizes are induced into the simulations to investigate the grain boundary migration and pore deformations during grain growth. Simulation results indicate that the porous microstructure is determined by the contacting mode between pore surface and grain boundaries, which is in good agreement with experimental observations. The efficiency of the grain boundary migration is analyzed via calculating the forces applied on the interfaces between grains and pores, and the mechanism of the pore deformation during grain boundary migration is discussed. Therefore, controlling the grain–pore microstructure by adjusting the synthesis process is essential to reach the desired mechanical and physical properties of sintered materials.     

非均匀数据的变异系数聚类算法

针对现有基于划分的聚类算法无法有效聚类簇大小和簇密度有较大差异的非均匀数据的问题,提出一种基于变异系数聚类算法。从聚类优化目标的角度出发,分析了以K-means为代表的划分聚类算法引发“均匀效应”的成因;提出以变异系数度量非均匀数据的分布散度,并基于变异系数定义一种非均匀数据的相异度公式;基于相异度公式定义了聚类目标优化函数,并根据局部优化方法给出聚类算法过程。在合成和真实数据集上的试验结果表明,与K-means、Verify2、ESSC聚类算法相比,本研究提出的非均匀数据的变异系数聚类算法(coefficient of variation clustering for non-uniform data, CVCN)聚类精度提升5%~40%。     

Robust Fabrication of Nonstick,Noncorrosive, Conductive Graphene‐Coated Liquid Metal Droplets for Droplet‐Based,Floating Electrodes

Nontoxic liquid metals (conductive materials in a liquid state at room temperature) are an emerging class of materials for applications ranging from soft electronics and robotics to medical therapy and energy devices. Their sticky and corrosive properties, however, are becoming more of a critical concern for circuits and devices containing other metals as these are easily destroyed or contaminated by the liquid metals. Herein, a feasible method for fabricating highly conductive graphene‐coated liquid metal (GLM) droplets is reported and their application as nonstick, noncorrosive, movable, soft contacts for electrical circuits is demonstrated. The as‐prepared GLM droplets consist of a liquid‐phase soft core of liquid metal and a slippery outer layer of graphene sheets. These structures address the issue of simultaneous control of the wettability and conductivity of a soft electronic contact by combining extraordinary properties, i.e., nonstick, noncorrosive, yet exhibiting high electronic conductivity while in contact with metal substrates, e.g., Au, Cu, Ag, and Ni. As proof‐of‐concept, the as‐prepared GLM droplets are demonstrated as floating electrodes for movable, recyclable electronic soft contacts in electrical circuits.     

Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Toughened Phenolic Foams Containing a Melamine Phosphate Borate

A melamine phosphate borate flame retardant was prepared through a solvothermal method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, element analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The incorporation of melamine phosphate borate into the phenolic foams toughened by polyethylene glycol results in an increase in limiting oxygen index and a decrease in peak heat release rate, smoke, and CO and CO₂ production. The mechanical tests reveal that the incorporation of melamine phosphate borate leads to a further improvement in flexural strength and compressive strength, and a decrease in the pulverization ratios of the toughened foams. Moreover, the thermal stability of the toughened PF foams containing melamine phosphate borate was studied.     

全桥LLC谐振变换器的导通损耗分析及优化设计

LLC谐振变换器的工作频率通常低于谐振频率,以实现副边整流管的零电流关断ZCS(zero current switching),负载变化时,通过调节工作频率来保持输出电压的稳定;尤其在轻载运行状态下,工作频率远小于谐振频率,考虑死区时间的影响,在谐振频率点处导出的谐振网孔电流公式与实际运行状态相差较大。针对这一问题,提出一种改进型谐振网孔电流公式;并系统地分析了谐振网孔参数与开关管的ZVS、直流电压增益及导通损耗的关联性,提出一种谐振参数的设计方法;最后搭建了1台48 V输入、1 kW/400 V输出的实验样机,通过仿真和实验验证理论分析的正确性。     

咪唑啉缓蚀剂的合成及缓蚀性能研究

为了解决油田污水引起的设备管道严重腐蚀问题,在油田污水处理过程中投加缓蚀剂是一种经济实用的方法。以桐油、松香为主要原料,二甲苯为携水剂,与二乙烯三胺经过两步脱水合成咪唑啉中间体,并利用氯乙酸对其进行季铵化合成咪唑啉季铵盐。对咪唑啉季铵盐合成过程的主要影响因素进行分析,确定较好的合成工艺:桐油/松香混合物与二乙烯三胺的摩尔比为1∶1.3,在140℃左右回流,逐步升温至220℃,回流8 h,氯乙酸与咪唑啉中间体的摩尔比为1∶1,携水剂用量为总投料量的25%,此条件下产物的产率超过90%。采用合成的咪唑啉季铵盐在5%氯化钠溶液中对A3钢的缓蚀性能进行评价,结果表明,合成的咪唑啉季铵盐对A3钢具有良好的缓蚀作用,当咪唑啉缓蚀剂使用浓度为150×10~(-6)时,A3钢在45℃的5%氯化钠腐蚀溶液中的缓蚀效率可超过90%。     

硅基PZT压电薄膜微传感器的结构设计和实验研究

对硅基锆钛酸铅(PZT)压电薄膜微传感器进行了结构和版图设计.根据MEMS加工工艺和标准硅基IC工艺的特点,获得了硅基PZT压电薄膜微悬臂梁结构系统工艺流程中的关键工艺技术和典型工艺条件.对PZT压电薄膜的制备和微细图形化进行了较为详细的实验研究,最后成功地制备出硅基PZT压电薄膜微传感器样品.这对集成化芯片系统的进一步发展打下了良好的实验基础.     

萃取色层分离ICP／MS测定U3O8中Zr,Nb,Ta和Ru

〕本文叙述了ＣＬ－ＴＢＰ萃取色层分离,ＩＣＰ／ＭＳ测定Ｕ３Ｏ８ 中痕量杂质元素Ｚｒ、Ｎｂ、Ｔａ 和Ｒｕ 的方法。Ｕ３Ｏ８ 经硝酸及少许氢氟酸溶解后,用ＣＬ－ＴＢＰ萃淋树脂作固定相,硝酸与草酸的混合酸作流动相,进行萃取色层分离使被测杂质元素与铀基体分离,杂质元素淋洗液用ＩＣＰ／ＭＳ测定。取样量为０．５ｇ 时,杂质元素Ｚｒ、Ｎｂ、Ｔａ和Ｒｕ 的测定下限为１×１０－ ８ｇ／ｇ,方法的重加回收率在９３％ －１１２％ 之间,８ 次平行取样测量结果的相对标准偏差小于１７％ ,本方法应用于Ｕ３Ｏ８ 标准物质中Ｚｒ、Ｎｂ、Ｔａ和Ｒｕ 的测量,测量结果与定值数据吻合较好     

基于子空间差异的投影聚类算法

针对传统K-means型软子空间聚类技术中子空间差异度量定义的困难问题,提出一种基于概率距离的子空间差异表示模型,以此为基础提出一种自适应的投影聚类算法。该方法首先基于子空间聚类理论提出一个描述各簇类所关联的软子空间之间的相异度公式;其次,将其与软子空间聚类相结合,定义了聚类目标优化函数,并根据局部搜索策略给出了聚类算法过程。在合成和实际数据集上进行了一系列实验,结果表明该算法引入子空间比较可以为簇类学习更优的软子空间;与现有主流子空间聚类算法相比,所提算法大幅度提升了聚类精度,适用于高维数据聚类分析。     

核密度估计的聚类算法*

相似性度量是聚类分析的重要基础,如何有效衡量类属型符号间的相似性是相似性度量的一个难点.文中根据离散符号的核概率密度衡量符号间的相似性,与传统的简单符号匹配及符号频度估计方法不同,该相似性度量在核函数带宽的作用下,不再依赖同一属性上符号间独立性假设.随后建立类属型数据的贝叶斯聚类模型,定义基于似然的类属型对象-簇间相似性度量,给出基于模型的聚类算法.采用留一估计和最大似然估计,提出3种求解方法在聚类过程中动态确定最优的核带宽.实验表明,相比使用特征加权或简单匹配距离的聚类算法,文中算法可以获得更高的聚类精度,估计的核函数带宽在重要特征识别等应用中具有实际意义.