Characteristics of Milk Powders Produced by Spray Freeze Drying

Skim and whole milk powders were manufactured at lab scale by spray freeze drying (SFD), using liquid nitrogen as the cryogen. The polydispersity of droplet/particle sizes was limited using an encapsulator nozzle to atomize the feed. Particle morphology was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Samples were compared with equivalent spray-dried powders in tests of wettability and dissolution in water. The spray freeze-dried powders were found to be highly porous, with a uniform structure of pores throughout the entire particles. When tested in water, SFD skim milk powders wetted roughly three times as fast as industrially spray-dried agglomerated skim milk powders and were observed to dissolve rapidly by breaking down into smaller particles.     

Ionothermal synthesis of a three-dimensional zinc phosphate with DFT topology using unstable deep-eutectic solvent as template-delivery agent

A three-dimensional zinc phosphate compound with DFT topology, designated as ZnPO₄-EU1, has been synthesized by an ionothermal approach from the system HF-ZnO–P₂O₅-choline chloride-imidazolidone. Ethylenediamine, derived from decomposition of the imidazolidone component of the deep-eutectic solvent (DES) itself, is delivered to the synthesis and serves as an appropriate template for ZnPO₄-EU1. Experiments in which the synthesis conditions were varied showed that ZnPO₄-EU1 may be prepared over a wide molar ratio of P/Zn = 0.55–13.0. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns have been obtained at intervals to track the crystallization process of this material. The experimental data show that Zn₃(PO₄)₂ · 4H₂O (a dense phase) was first isolated from the DES after reaction for 1 h. Subsequently, the pure phase of ZnPO₄-EU1 was obtained with increasing crystallization time from 12 h to 72 h. The experimental results show that the nucleation and crystallization take place with relatively low levels of solvent degradation, demonstrating that zinc phosphate with a three-dimensional framework can be synthesized by in situ generation of an appropriate template using an unstable DES at high temperatures (150–200 °C).     

3D velocity from 3D Doppler radial velocity

We present local least squares and regularization frameworks for computing 3D velocity (3D optical flow) from 3D radial velocity measured by a Doppler radar. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithms quantitatively on synthetic radial velocity data and qualitatively on real radial velocity data, obtained from the Doppler radar at Kurnell Radar station, Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia. Radial velocity can be used to predict the future positions of storms in sequences of Doppler radar datasets.© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 15, 189–198, 2005     

Hydrothermal Reaction Mechanism and Pathway for the Formation of K2Ti6O13 Nanowires

Calculations and detailed first principle and thermodynamic analyses have been performed to understand the formation mechanism of K₂Ti₆O₁₃ nanowires (NWs) by a hydrothermal reaction between bulk Na₂Ti₃O₇ crystals and a KOH solution. It is found that direct ion exchange between K⁺ and Na⁺ plus H⁺ interactions with [TiO₆] octahedra in Na₂Ti₃O₇ promote the formation of an intermediate H₂K₂Ti₆O₁₄ phase. The large lattice mismatch between this intermediate phase and the bulk Na₂Ti₃O₇ structure, and the large energy reduction associated with the formation of this intermediate phase, drive the splitting of the bulk crystal into H₂K₂Ti₆O₁₄ NWs. However, these NWs are not stable because of large [TiO₆] octahedra distortion and are subject to a dehydration process, which results in uniform K₂Ti₆O₁₃ NWs with narrowly distributed diameters of around 10 nm.     

Structural and Superconducting Property Variations with Nominal Mg Non‐Stoichiometry in MgxB2 and Its Enhancement of Upper Critical Field

By applying a combination of characterisation tools, changes in structural and superconducting properties with nominal Mg non‐stoichiometry in Mg_xB₂ are found. The non‐stoichiometry produces enhanced in‐field critical current densities (J_c's) and upper critical field / irreversibility field (H_c2/H_irr(T)) values. Upper critical fields of ～ 21 T (4.2 K) were obtained in nominal Mg‐deficient samples compared to ～ 17 T (4.2 K) for near‐stoichiometric samples.     

Global practical stabilization of planar linear systems in the presence of actuator saturation and input additive disturbance

In this note, we revisit the problem of global practical stabilization for planar linear systems subject to actuator saturation and input additive disturbances. A parameterized linear state feedback law is designed such that, by tuning the value of the parameter, all trajectories of the closed-loop system converge to an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the origin in a finite time and remain in there.     

徐州地区采暖教室内CO2污染影响因素分析

在徐州市采暖季节期间，实测3所高校3栋教学楼典型教室的室内CO2浓度、室内人员密度、室外空气流速等参数，分析不同状态的教室、不同的人员密度和不同的室外空气流速对室内CO2浓度的影响，提出改善采暖教室内CO2浓度的措施。     

A Tutorial on GrÖbner Bases With Applications in Signals and Systems

This paper is a tutorial on GrÖbner bases and a survey on the applications of GrÖbner bases in the broad field of signals and systems. A reasonably detailed review is given of several fundamental theoretical issues that occur in the use of GrÖbner bases in multidimensional signals and systems applications. These topics include the primeness of multivariate polynomial matrices, multivariate unimodular polynomial matrix completion, and prime factorization of multivariate polynomial matrices. A brief review is also presented on the wide-ranging applications of GrÖbner bases in multidimensional as well as one-dimensional circuits, networks, control, coding, signals, and systems and other related areas like robotics and applied mechanics. The impact and scope of GrÖbner bases in signals and systems are highlighted with respect to what has already been accomplished as a stepping stone to expanding future research.      

公司大门工程建设施工

大门小品建筑属多项目综合性工程。本文作者从管理者的角度 ,通过对公司大门及附属工程施工质量控制的总结 ,说明了质量控制应贯穿于工程施工的全过程