Combined Absorption and Self-Decomposition of Ozone in Aqueous Solutions with Interfacial Resistance

A theoretical analysis is performed employing the film model for the isothermal absorption and self-decomposition of ozone in aqueous solutions with interfacial resistance, which is inversely proportional to the interfacial mass transfer coefficient k_s. A closed-form solution has been obtained. The effects of system parameters on the ozone mass transfer rate are examined. These parameters include the interfacial resistance (1/k_s), the acidic and basic self-decomposition reaction rate parameters (M_m ^0.5, M_n ^0.5.; M_m = [2D_Ak_mC_Ai ^m-1/(m+1)]/(k_L ⁰)², M_n=(2D_Ak_nC_Ai ^n-1/(n+1))/(k_L ⁰)², the reaction orders (m,n), the pH value of solution, and the liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient (k_L ⁰). The results indicate that the reduction effect of the interfacial resistance on the absorption rate is most significant for the situation with the larger values of M_m and M_n as well as with higher pH values. Also, for any particular finite value of k_L ⁰/k_s, the reduction effect encountered is greater for a gas liquid contactor with a lower k_L ⁰. The reduction effect should be avoided in order to maintain a higher mass transfer rate of ozone in aqueous solution. This analysis is of importance for the efficient use of ozone in water/wastewater treatment processes in the presence of interfacial resistance substances such as surface active agents. For some known special cases (for example, cases with no interfacial resistance), the present solution reduces to the previous works of other investigators.     

Study on microchannel flows with a sudden contraction–expansion at a wide range of Knudsen number using lattice Boltzmann method

Numerical simulations have been performed on the pressure-driven rarefied flow through channels with a sudden contraction–expansion of 2:1:2 using isothermal two and three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). In the LBM, a Bosanquet-type effective viscosity and a modified second-order slip boundary condition are used to account for the rarefaction effect on gas viscosity to cover the slip and transition flow regimes, that is, a wider range of Knudsen number. Firstly, the in-house LBM code is verified by comparing the computed pressure distribution and flow pattern with experimental ones measured by others. The verified code is then used to study the effects of the outlet Knudsen number Kn _o , driving pressure ratio P _i /P _o , and Reynolds number Re, respectively, varied in the ranges of 0.001–1.0, 1.15–5.0, and 0.02–120, on the pressure distributions and flow patterns as well as to document the differences between continuum and rarefied flows. Results are discussed in terms of the distributions of local pressure, Knudsen number, centerline velocity, and Mach number. The variations of flow patterns and vortex length with Kn _o and Re are also documented. Moreover, a critical Knudsen number is identified to be Kn _oc  = 0.1 below and above which the behaviors of nonlinear pressure profile and velocity distribution and the variations of vortex length with Re upstream and downstream of constriction are different from those of continuum flows.     

Low‐sensitivity controllers for discrete‐time systems

Abstract

The problem of trajectory sensitivity considered in the literature was restricted to the continuous‐time systems. Some of the criteria provided in previous work (9, 10) are extended to the discrete‐time control systems. Two methods based on the Z‐domain design technique are developed to overcome the difficulty of obtaining the variations of control due to the changes of system parameters. The obtained Z‐domain controllers are particularly suitable for implementation on a microprocessor or digital computer.     

A Dual-Mode Step-up DC/DC Converter IC with Current-Limiting and EMI Reduction Techniques

This paper presents a novel dual-modestep-up (boost) DC/DC converter. Pulse-frequencymodulation (PFM) is used to improve the efficiency atlight load. This converter can operate betweenpulse-width modulation (PWM) and pulse-frequencymodulation. The converter will operate in PFM mode atlight load and in PWM mode at heavy load. Themaximum conversion efficiency of this converter is 96%.The conversion efficiency is greatly improved when loadcurrent is below 100 mA. Additionally, a soft-startcircuit and a variable-sawtooth frequency circuit areproposed in this paper. The former is used to avoid thelarge switching current at the start up of the converterand the latter is utilized to reduce the EMI of theconverter.     

Synthesis of hybrid Pt/TiO2 (anatase)/MWCNTs nanomaterials by a combined sol–gel and polyol process

In the present study, hybrid Pt/TiO₂/MWCNTs nanomaterials are prepared successfully by a combined sol–gel and polyol process. The as-prepared nanomaterials are characterized by X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry analysis. In addition, its catalytic performance by converting CO into CO₂ is also evaluated. Experimental results show that the hybrid Pt/TiO₂/MWCNTs nanomaterials exhibit a mixture of anatase TiO₂ and Pt phases. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes serve as an excellent supporting material where anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles are decorated with well-distributed Pt nanoparticles. Excellent catalytic performance can be revealed for the hybrid Pt/TiO₂/MWCNTs nanomaterials. When compared with its Pt/TiO₂ counterparts where ～ 100% CO conversion occurred at 150 °C, almost 100% conversion of CO into CO₂ can be observed at a temperature ranged from 30 °C to 100 °C.     

A modified model for the estimation of fatigue life derived from random vibration theory

When a component is subjected to variable-amplitude loading, if the fundamental stress–life cycle relationship and an accumulation rule are given, then the fatigue damage or fatigue life of the component can be calculated and/or estimated. In the present paper, random vibration theory is incorporated into the analysis of the above problem. Several formulas are thus derived. Experimental work is then carried out to verify the derived formulas. Comparison is made among the results calculated based on different formulas, different accumulation rules and different random loading. It is concluded that the derived formulas do provide us with quick prediction of the fatigue damage or fatigue life when a component is subjected to variable-amplitude loading that has a certain random nature.     

Evaluation of interfacial bond condition between concrete plate-like structure and substrate using the simulated transfer function derived by IE

A method incorporating a simulated transfer function is proposed for effectively evaluating loss of bond between concrete and a substrate for plate-like concrete structures. The simulated transfer function is derived from the impact-echo response in which the Rayleigh wave recorded by the displacement transducer used to generate a realistic force–time function. The results of numerical simulations show that the thickness amplitude corresponding to the concrete overlay decreases with increasing substrate stiffness for the case of a semi-infinite substrate. Some unexpected high thickness amplitudes were found for models with finite substrate thicknesses due to a coupling effect between substrate and concrete layers. The experimental thickness amplitudes for bonded composite plates agree well with the ones predicted from numerical simulations.     

木粉填充改性多组分废旧塑料专用相容剂的研究

本文介绍了木粉填充改性多组分废旧塑料专用相容剂的研究 ,介绍了 4种专用相容剂的情况 ,及不同工艺条件对木塑材料的加工影响     

Incomplete ionization in a semiconductor and its implications to device modeling

The ionization of impurity atoms is an important process in determining the number of free carriers, and thus the conductivity and other physical properties, in semiconductors. In this paper, a detailed derivation for the ionization percentage of impurity atoms is given. Furthermore, to illustrate the errors associated with the conventional complete ionization assumption, the results are applied to the modeling of the current–voltage characteristics of a p/n junction diode. Two-dimensional device simulations are included in support of the model.