全文获取类型
收费全文 | 96267篇 |
免费 | 10905篇 |
国内免费 | 6671篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 8331篇 |
综合类 | 9800篇 |
化学工业 | 11136篇 |
金属工艺 | 6287篇 |
机械仪表 | 6072篇 |
建筑科学 | 6306篇 |
矿业工程 | 4023篇 |
能源动力 | 2601篇 |
轻工业 | 11144篇 |
水利工程 | 3187篇 |
石油天然气 | 3109篇 |
武器工业 | 1635篇 |
无线电 | 8308篇 |
一般工业技术 | 7174篇 |
冶金工业 | 11240篇 |
原子能技术 | 1463篇 |
自动化技术 | 12027篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 622篇 |
2023年 | 1571篇 |
2022年 | 3626篇 |
2021年 | 4602篇 |
2020年 | 3327篇 |
2019年 | 2241篇 |
2018年 | 2450篇 |
2017年 | 2789篇 |
2016年 | 2566篇 |
2015年 | 4109篇 |
2014年 | 5073篇 |
2013年 | 5998篇 |
2012年 | 7563篇 |
2011年 | 7817篇 |
2010年 | 7570篇 |
2009年 | 6937篇 |
2008年 | 7101篇 |
2007年 | 6953篇 |
2006年 | 5997篇 |
2005年 | 4676篇 |
2004年 | 3415篇 |
2003年 | 2305篇 |
2002年 | 2002篇 |
2001年 | 1853篇 |
2000年 | 1520篇 |
1999年 | 756篇 |
1998年 | 2727篇 |
1997年 | 1560篇 |
1996年 | 1007篇 |
1995年 | 587篇 |
1994年 | 488篇 |
1993年 | 544篇 |
1992年 | 115篇 |
1991年 | 119篇 |
1990年 | 120篇 |
1989年 | 114篇 |
1988年 | 92篇 |
1987年 | 82篇 |
1986年 | 75篇 |
1985年 | 53篇 |
1983年 | 17篇 |
1982年 | 40篇 |
1981年 | 41篇 |
1980年 | 72篇 |
1979年 | 17篇 |
1977年 | 158篇 |
1976年 | 283篇 |
1975年 | 13篇 |
1959年 | 36篇 |
1951年 | 15篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
51.
鱼雷发射装置的可靠性直接关系到潜艇武器系统的整体作战效能。考虑到可靠性分析中影响因素的模糊性,本文引入模糊数的概念,对潜艇鱼雷发射装置的可靠性进行分析,并基于模糊数的运算法则,给出了串联系统模糊可靠度的计算方法。 相似文献
52.
Spontaneous resolution of deformities after excision of facial skin lesions has been known and used for a long time by plastic surgeons. The resorption mechanism of deformity is based on natural skin expansion, and seems to be directly related to the action of the muscles of facial expression and their skin relations. Natural expansion has been shown to be effective in children. Between 1990 and 1994 excision of skin lesions, including congenital nevi, leading to postoperative deformity of the cheek, labial commissure, nose, eyelid and forehead, was performed on 35 patients, aged from 3 month to 12 years. The average follow-up is 24 months. For 26 patients (74%), natural resorption was observed 4 or 6 weeks later with good aesthetic results. For 6 patients (17%), the deformity persisted 3 or 6 months later, but did not require any further surgery. For 3 patients (9%), a second operation was necessary. Using the skins natural capacity for expansion in the treatment of facial skin defects in children is a method of reconstruction which has already been used for excision in enforced position. The platysma and muscles of facial expression by their action on skin mobilisation, allow natural expansion. A better knowledge of cutaneous biomechanical properties enables plastic surgeons to find an alternative to other classical methods. 相似文献
53.
M Vives ME Garcia P Saenz MA Mora L Mata H Sabharwal C Svanborg 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,16(9):852-858
BACKGROUND: The establishment of the nasopharyngeal flora was followed in Costa Rican children from birth to 1 year of age. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained at 1 (n = 413), 3 (n = 393), 6 (n = 376) and 12 months (n = 356) of age from children representative of the population in the Puriscal district. Weekly cultures were obtained from a subcohort of these children (n = 101). Mother-infant diads (n = 95) and preschool children (n = 208) attending day-care centers were also studied. RESULTS: The estimated proportion of colonized children in the population differed markedly depending on the frequency of culture. Quarterly cultures showed a slow increase in carrier rates from 3.9% for Haemophilus influenzae, 3.1% for Streptococcus pneumoniae and 6.5% for Moraxella catarrhalis at 1 month of age to 10.1% carrying H. influenzae and 19.4% carrying S. pneumoniae by the end of the first year. By quarterly culture the proportion of children colonized at least once was 36% for S. pneumoniae, 26% for H. influenzae and 28% for M. catarrhalis. In contrast weekly sampling showed that 95 to 100% of the children were colonized at least once during the first year of life with H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae or M. catarrhalis. Nasopharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis was low in the mothers, and very few mother-infant pairs carried identical bacteria at the same time. In contrast carrier rates were high in the siblings attending day care (H. influenzae 27.9%, S. pneumoniae 39.4%, both organisms 26.6%). Infants with siblings had significantly higher bacterial carriage at all ages than infants without siblings. CONCLUSIONS: Quarterly nasopharyngeal cultures showed that Costa Rican infants acquire their nasopharyngeal flora at a rate comparable with that for infants in developed countries and that siblings are an important source of the bacteria. Weekly samplings showed that virtually all children were colonized at least once during the first year of life. 相似文献
54.
55.
ME Sutherlin I Nishimori T Caffrey EP Bennett H Hassan U Mandel D Mack T Iwamura H Clausen MA Hollingsworth 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,57(21):4744-4748
The levels of mRNA expression of three UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide GalNAc N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-transferases) were quantified for human adenocarcinoma cell lines from pancreas, colon, stomach, and breast. Two of the GalNAc-transferases, GalNAc-T1 and GalNAc-T2, were expressed constitutively and at low levels in most or all cell lines examined. A third GalNAc-transferase, GalNAc-T3, was differentially expressed. Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma cell lines expressed high levels and moderately differentiated cell lines expressed lower levels of GalNAc-T3. Cell lines classified as poorly differentiated failed to express GalNAc-T3 mRNA at levels that could be detected by Northern blot analysis. Differential expression of the GalNAc-T3 protein was confirmed in these cell lines by Western blotting. We propose that glycosylation in tumor cell lines may be regulated in part by differential expression of GalNAc-transferases, and we suggest that GalNAc-T3 gene expression may be a molecular indicator of differentiated adenocarcinoma. 相似文献
56.
HG Tiselius C Berg AM Fornander MA Nilsson 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,7(1):381-9; discussion 389-90
Urinary citrate appears to be an important factor in the crystallization process of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. The urinary excretion of citrate was found to be significantly lower in patients with calcium oxalate stone disease as compared with normal subjects, and about 30 per cent of the calcium stone formers can be considered as hypocitraturic. The lowest excretion of citrate was recorded in urine collected during the night. Citrate has significant effects on supersaturation with respect to both calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, it also inhibits the growth of these crystals. In addition, citrate appears to be capable of inhibiting the aggregation of crystals composed of calcium oxalate, brushite, and hydroxyapatite. The heterogenous growth of calcium oxalate on calcium phosphate is also counteracted by citrate. As a consequence of the crucial role of citrate in these processes, stone prevention with alkaline citrate has become an attractive form of treatment in patients with recurrent stone formation. Single evening dose administration of sodium potassium citrate resulted in an of sodium potassium citrate resulted in an increased excretion of citrate, reduced levels of the calcium/citrate ratio as well as supersaturation with respect to calcium oxalate and a decreased rate of stone formation. However, conflicting results of stone preventive treatment with alkaline citrate have been reported by different groups, and long-term follow-up of patients treated in a randomized way is necessary to definitely assess the efficacy of alkaline citrate. 相似文献
57.
MA Steller KJ Gurski M Murakami RW Daniel KV Shah E Celis A Sette EL Trimble RC Park FM Marincola 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,4(9):2103-2109
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been causally associated with cervical cancer. We tested the effectiveness of an HLA-A*0201-restricted, HPV-16 E7 lipopeptide vaccine in eliciting cellular immune responses in vivo in women with refractory cervical cancer. In a nonrandomized Phase I clinical trial, 12 women expressing the HLA-A2 allele with refractory cervical or vaginal cancer were vaccinated with four E786-93 lipopeptide inoculations at 3-week intervals. HLA-A2 subtyping was also performed, and HPV typing was assessed on tumor specimens. Induction of epitope-specific CD8+ T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses was analyzed using peripheral blood leukapheresis specimens obtained before and after vaccination. CTL specificity was measured by IFN-gamma release assay using HLA-A*0201 matched target cells. Clinical responses were assessed by physical examination and radiographic images. All HLA-A*0201 patients were able to mount a cellular immune response to a control peptide. E786-93-specific CTLs were elicited in 4 of 10 evaluable HLA-A*0201 subjects before vaccination, 5 of 7 evaluable HLA-A*0201 patients after two vaccinations, and 2 of 3 evaluable HLA-A*0201 cultures after all four inoculations. Two of three evaluable patients' CTLs converted from unreactive to reactive after administration of all four inoculations. There were no clinical responses or treatment toxicities. The ability to generate specific cellular immune responses is retained in patients with advanced cervical cancer. Vaccination with a lipidated HPV peptide epitope appears capable of safely augmenting CTL reactivity. Although enhancements of cellular immune responses are needed to achieve therapeutic utility in advanced cervical cancer, this approach might prove useful in treating preinvasive disease. 相似文献
58.
C Montixi C Langlet AM Bernard J Thimonier C Dubois MA Wurbel JP Chauvin M Pierres HT He 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,17(18):5334-5348
T-cell receptors (TCRs) upon binding to peptide-MHC ligands transduce signals in T lymphocytes. Tyrosine phosphorylations in the cytoplasmic domains of the CD3 (gammadeltaepsilon) and zeta subunits of the TCR complex by Src family kinases initiate the signaling cascades via docking and activation of ZAP-70 kinase and other signaling components. We examined the role of the low-density detergent-insoluble membranes (DIMs) in TCR signaling. Using mouse thymocytes as a model, we characterized the structural organization of DIMs in detail. We then demonstrated that TCR engagement triggered an immediate increase in the amount of TCR/CD3 present in DIMs, which directly involves the engaged receptor complexes. TCR/CD3 recruitment is accompanied by the accumulation of a series of prominent tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates and by an increase of the Lck activity in DIMs. Upon TCR stimulation, the DIM-associated receptor complexes are highly enriched in the hyperphosphorylated p23 zeta chains, contain most of the TCR/CD3-associated, phosphorylation-activated ZAP-70 kinases and seem to integrate into higher order, multiple tyrosine-phosphorylated substrate-containing protein complexes. The TCR/CD3 recruitment was found to depend on the activity of Src family kinases. We thus provide the first demonstration of recuitment of TCR/CD3 to DIMs upon receptor stimulation and propose it as a mechanism whereby TCR engagement is coupled to downstream signaling cascades. 相似文献
59.
60.