Sport And Downtown Development Strategy If You Build It,Will Jobs Come?

ABSTRACT: Many policy analysts have cautioned against public spending for professional and amateur sports. Within the last year, numerous cities have received demands from major and minor league teams for investments. These investments by the public sector can involve hundreds of millions of dollars and are usually defended by the economic impact of the facilities or teams and the economic development and revitalization which will follow. Indianapolis formulated an economic development strategy which relied substantially on sports. In addition, its development policies did not involve one team or facility, but a series of investments. As a result, the policies followed in Indianapolis afford an opportunity to measure the ability of sport facilities to encourage other investments and enhance economic development. The results reported here indicate that a sports strategy, even one as pronounced and as articulated as that of Indianapolis, is likely to have an inconsequential impact on development and economic growth.     

RANCIDITY DEVELOPMENT IN A FISH MODEL SYSTEM AS AFFECTED BY PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Blood components demonstrated the ability to oxidize their own lipids. Blood plasma developed strong oxidation odor during storage apparently due to oxidation of its lipid components. Rancid odor and substantial thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) development occurred in shaken solutions of trout blood containing approximately 0.01% lipid. When whole blood was added to washed cod muscle that was taken through a lipid reduction process, rancid odor still occurred during storage. Having at least six times more membrane phospho-lipids present did not enhance the rate or extent of rancidity development during storage of washed cod containing added blood. Contrary to sensory data, TBARS formed more rapidly in the reduced lipid washed cod compared to the washed cod containing approximately 0.6% lipid. The TBARS formation was greater in the reduced lipid washed cod than in the washed cod when expressed on a lipid basis but not when expressed on a wet weight basis. The lack of rancidity and TBARS development when hemolysate was added to a myosin preparation suggested that at least trace amounts of lipid were required for rancidity to occur. Results from these experiments indicate that rancid odor and extensive lipid oxidation can occur at remarkably low levels of fish lipid.     

MODELING THE BEHAVIOR OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN pH-MODIFIED CHICKEN SALAD DURING COLD STORAGE AND TEMPERATURE ABUSE CONDITIONS

Listeria monocytogenes grows at refrigeration temperatures (5C or below) and tolerates various environmental stressors. The Food and Drug Administration specifies a zero tolerance for this pathogen in certain ready‐to‐eat processed foods. Modeling its dynamic behavior to fluctuation in temperature at various pH levels is critical to the safety of food. This study presents linear and nonlinear models to predict the behavior of L. monocytogenes in pH‐modified chicken salad at various cold storage and temperature abuse conditions. A linear model of the kinetics accounting for simple and interactive effects of storage time, temperature and pH was developed. Predictions of the linear model were inconsistent with laboratory observations. The limitations of the linear model were reflected in the poor correlation of model predictions to the observed values (r² = 0.58). A proposed nonlinear model was therefore used to model the observed data. The four model parameters (N(0), C_c(0), k_max and N_res ) were optimized for each of the nine treatments. Correlation coefficient (r²) values ranged from 0.70 (pH 5.2, 7.2C) to 0.99 (pH 4.0, 21.1C), indicating an improved accuracy. Developing a functional and validated microbial predictive model for chicken salad requires further analyses and collection of data at additional pH and temperature values to determine a single set of parameter values that would represent the microbial behavior at the full range of pH and temperatures observed under storage conditions. Future experiments should address the adaptive nature of L. monocytogenes, as the response to environmental stressors affects the survival of the organism in food systems.     

Rapid Amplification of Uncharacterized Transposon-tagged DNA Sequences from Genomic DNA

Although the entire DNA sequence of the yeast genome has been determined, the functions of nearly a third of the identified genes are unknown. Recently, we described a collection of mutants, each with a transposon-tagged disruption in an essential gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Identification of these essential genes and characterization of their mutant phenotypes should help assign functions to these thousands of novel genes, and since each mutation in our collection is physically marked by the uniform, unique DNA sequence of the transposable element, it should be possible to use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the DNA adjacent to the transposon. However, existing PCR methods include steps that make their use on a large scale cumbersome. In this report, we describe a semi-random, two-step PCR protocol, ST-PCR. This method is simpler and more specific than current methods, requiring only genomic DNA and two pairs of PCR primers, and involving two successive PCR reactions. Using this method, we have rapidly and easily identified the essential genes identified by several of our mutants. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Agar-Gel Immunodiffusion Test for Rapid Identification of Pollock Surimi in Raw Meat Products

A test for the rapid identification of raw pollock surimi (TRIPS) was developed. This was an adaptation of previously developed field screening agar-gel immunodiffusion tests for speciation of meat products. It was specific for Alaska pollock surimi at 2% concentration and other surimis at higher concentrations, showed detectable sensitivity to surimi in meat at 2–4%, and was 100% accurate in detection in laboratory trials.     

POSSIBLE WORLDS: HENRI LEFEBVRE AND THE RIGHT TO THE CITY

There has been much attention paid recently the idea of the right to the city. This article argues that in order to fully appreciate the power of the idea, we should understand it through a close reading of Henri Lefebvre's body of work on the city and politics. Lefebvre presents a radical vision for a city in which users manage urban space for themselves, beyond the control of both the state and capitalism. However, while it calls for profound change, Lefebvre's vision is also eminently practical; it can very much serve as a guide and inspiration for concrete action to change the city today.     

Refractories for Copper Production

Abstract

The furnaces used for producing molten copper from concentrates and scrap - flash: smelters, converters, and anode and fire-refining furnaces - present a unique combination of challenges to refractory life. Highly aggressive slags, mechanical stresses, batch operation, and increasingly higher operating temperatures all combine to destroy most refractory materials. Over the past generation, copper producers have adopted refractory materials biased on the MgO-Cr₂O₃ system to meet these challenges, to the point where ‘mag-chrome’ brick is used almost exclusively in the industry. However, recent environmental imperatives have created a need to develop chrome-free alternative refractories for copper smelters, converters and refining furnaces. Some possible alternative materials are introduced, and speculation is made about the locations where they might be used most advantageously.     

Synthesis of flavonols and expression of flavonol synthase genes in the developing grape berries of Shiraz and Chardonnay (Vitis vinifera L.)

Flavonols were determined in Shiraz and Chardonnay grapes throughout berry development. The predominant flavonols were quercetin-3-glycosides with trace amounts of kaempferol-3-glycosides detected in Shiraz flowers but not in developing berries. Flavonols were present in the skin of ripening grapes but were not detected in seeds or flesh. Flavonols were also present in buds, tendrils, inflorescences, anthers and leaves. The concentration of flavonols in flowers (mg/g fresh weight) was high and decreased between flowering and berry set then remained relatively constant through berry development. The total amount of flavonols in berries (mg/berry) was low until pre-veraison then increased during berry development, particularly before veraison, the onset of ripening, in Chardonnay and during ripening in Shiraz. Two cDNA fragments with homology to genes encoding the enzyme flavonol synthase (FLS) were isolated from Shiraz flowers. In the overlapping region of the two cDNAs, they had 80% sequence identity at the nucleotide level and both had high homology to FLS genes from other plants. VvFLS1 was expressed in leaves, tendrils, pedicels, buds and inflorescences as well as in developing grapes. Expression was highest between flowering and fruit set then declined, increasing again during ripening coincident with the increase in flavonols per berry. Expression of VvFLS2 was much lower than for VvFLS1 and did not change during berry development. The results indicate that two distinct periods of flavonol synthesis occur in grapes, the first around flowering and the second during ripening of the developing berries.