N，O，O′─三（对甲苯磺酰基）双（2─羟乙基）胺的合成

二乙醇胺和对甲苯磺酰氯在三乙胺存在下，反应生成Ｎ，０，Ｏ′－三（对甲苯磺酰基）双（２－羟乙基）胺，产率９３％。从反应混合物中分离得副产物Ｎ，Ｏ－二（对甲苯磺酰基）双（２－羟乙基）胺。     

Application of polymerizable surfactant in the preparation of polystyrene/nano-Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> composite

Monooctadecyl maleate, as a polymerizable surfactant, was synthesized by the mono-esterification of maleic anhydride and octadecanol, and was utilized to surface-modify nano-Fe₃O₄ particles. A polymerizable magnetic fluid was obtained by directly dispersing modified nano-Fe₃O₄ particles into styrene monomer, and the polystyrene/nano-Fe₃O₄ composite was prepared through free radical polymerization of polymerizable magnetic fluid. The structure and dispersion status in different dispersion phases of modified nano-Fe₃O₄ particles were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The experimental results show that the nano-Fe₃O₄ particles modified by monooctadecyl maleate with the size of about 7–10 nm can be uniformly dispersed into styrene and fixed in the composite during the procedure of polymerization. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) indicate that the thermal stability of polystyrene/nano-Fe₃O₄ composite is improved compared to that of pure polystyrene, and the composite is a sort of superparamagnetic materials.     

Physico-chemical properties of glycyrrhizic acid in aqueous media. I. Surface-active properties and formation of molecular aggregates (author''s transl)

As shown in 138 embryos and fetuses in the 40-285 mm crown-rump length range, carpal and carpal-metacarpal "fusions" arise from incomplete separation of the cartilaginous precursors rather than from failure of initiation, thus accounting for the "fusions" seen in postnatal radiographs and the grooves that are evident enough in adult fusions. Radiographs selected from over 20,000 apparently normal individuals provide postnatal counterparts for the prenatal examples shown in histological sections.     

Quantitative analysis of α-mangostin in hydrophilic ointment using near-infrared spectroscopy

The objective of this research was to quantify the α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp (MP) ointment as a colloidal dispersion using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Various concentrations of MP (IP and EP) ointments containing both internal and external pericarps were prepared and the NIR spectra of these ointments were measured. The NIR spectrum of each ointment was correlated with α-mangostin concentration by partial least square (PLS) regression. Validation of the models was performed and their predictive ability was also investigated. The equation and R² value for the prediction of α-mangostin concentration in IP ointment were y?=?0.9843x?+?0.4441 and 0.9730 and those in EP ointment were y?=?0.9569x?+?0.1142 and 0.9136, respectively. The biases of the IP and EP ointment models were 0.23 and 0.00, respectively. The results showed that NIR could be a useful tool for the quality control of herbal medicine in hydrophilic ointment without any sample preparation. It could predict α-mangostin content in hydrophilic ointment at very low concentration with sufficient accuracy.     

The Effect of Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Tofogliflozin on Neurovascular Coupling in the Retina in Type 2 Diabetic Mice

We investigated the effect of tofogliflozin, a sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), on retinal blood flow dysregulation, neural retinal dysfunction, and the impaired neurovascular coupling in type 2 diabetic mice. Tofogliflozin was added to mouse chow to deliver 5 mg/kg/day and 6-week-old mice were fed for 8 weeks. The longitudinal changes in the retinal neuronal function and blood flow responses to systemic hyperoxia and flicker stimulation were evaluated every 2 weeks in diabetic db/db mice that received tofogliflozin (n =6) or placebo (n = 6) from 8 to 14 weeks of age. We also evaluated glial activation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by immunofluorescence. Tofogliflozin treatment caused a sustained decrease in blood glucose in db/db mice from 8 weeks of the treatment. In tofogliflozin-treated db/db mice, both responses improved from 8 to 14 weeks of age, compared with vehicle-treated diabetic mice. Subsequently, the electroretinography implicit time for the oscillatory potential was significantly improved in SGLT2i-treated db/db mice. The systemic tofogliflozin treatment prevented the activation of glial fibrillary acidic protein and VEGF protein expression, as detected by immunofluorescence. Our results suggest that glycemic control with tofogliflozin significantly improved the impaired retinal neurovascular coupling in type 2 diabetic mice with the inhibition of retinal glial activation.     

Internal-external transition for the oxidation of Fe-Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steels in steam

Several Fe-Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steels (Cr wt.%: 13–25, Ni wt.%: 15) were oxidized in steam for 1000 hr at 500–900°C. The oxide scales were examined and categorized with respect to the chromium concentration and the grain size of the base metal. Experiments showed three conditions for the critical bulk Cr concentration and the oxidation temperature at which the oxidation behavior changed drastically. Metallographic examination showed that two of these three conditions resulted from the internal-external transition of Cr₂O₃ either on the metal surface or along the grain boundaries of the base metal. Attempts were made to interpret these conditions from the available oxidation theories. Atkinson's treatment was employed with some modification to incorporate the grain-boundary diffusion of Cr in the base metal. The calculation basically explained the internal-external transition for the oxidation of these steels.