植物与时间：关于慢速植物知识的探讨

风景园林师通常更倾向以季相特征的方式去理解植物 随时间发生的变化。认为从蒂莫西·莫顿(Timothy Morton) 的时间推移(time lapse)概念中汲取灵感,并通过时间性的 概念来思考植物,将有机会改变风景园林师认知和设计植物的 方式。虽然这种种植设计方法不直接指向一种形式(form), 但它确实与当前称为生态主义或自然主义的种植概念有许多相 似之处。调查了2个建成项目——格伦斯通博物馆(Glenstone Museum)和布鲁克林大桥公园(Brooklyn Bridge Park),以 理解时间性是如何影响设计的。最后,提出了通过慢速植物知 识(slow plant knowledge)引导设计的新发展趋势     

Water,Energy and Environment Nexus: The California Experience

The paper addresses the local and inter-state connections between water, energy and the environment. Using California and the western USA as a case study, the paper highlights the difficulties of balancing the needs of diverse stakeholders and protecting valuable resources while providing reliable and safe supplies of both water and energy to agricultural, industrial and residential customers. The investigation of these complex relationships is necessary to inform local and national policy decisions regarding the management of water, energy and the environment.     

Extractable phosphorus related to forms of phosphorus and other soil properties

The soil P extracted by Olsen's, Bray's P-1, Morgan's, North Carolina, 0.01M-CaCl₂, acidic N-ammonium acetate and isotopic-exchange methods of determining available P were related to the forms of soil P and to other soil properties. Correlations between soil tests were higher when both test values were well correlated with a common P form, thereby indicating their similarity in selective dissolution of specific forms. Linear regression equations derived by stepwise inclusion of significant independent variables in order of importance for explanation of variations in soil-test values, indicated that the greatest contribution to Olsen's or Bray's test values was aluminium-P, to the isotopic exchange P was iron-P and to North Carolina test values was calcium-P. Dithionite-extractable aluminium and iron, organic matter, soil texture, base saturation and soil reaction were included in regression equations to reflect their significant influence on the dissolution of specific P forms and secondary reactions occurring during the extraction process. Based on observations for 343 differing soils, regression equations to predict soil-test values from significant P forms and soil properties accounted for more than 50% of variations in P soil-test values for Olsen's, Bray's, North Carolina and 0.01 M-CaCl₂ extraction methods. No improvement was found when P forms were included regardless of significance and significant soil properties were added to the regression equations.     

Interfacial Strain‐Induced Oxygen Disorder as the Cause of Enhanced Critical Current Density in Superconducting Thin Films

To understand the origin of the increase in critical current density of rare earth barium cuprate superconductor thin films with decreasing thickness, a series of sub‐300‐nm EuBa₂Cu₃O_7?δ thin films deposited on SrTiO₃ substrates are studied by X‐ray diffraction and electrical transport measurements. The out‐of‐plane crystallographic mosaic tilt and the out‐of‐plane microstrain both increase with decreasing film thickness. The calculated density of c‐axis threading dislocations matches the extent of the observed low‐field enhancement in critical current density for fields applied parallel to c. The in‐plane mosaic twist and in‐plane microstrain are both around twice the magnitude of the out‐of‐plane values, and both increase with decreasing film thickness. The results are consistent with the observed stronger field enhancement in critical current density for fields applied parallel to ab. The lattice parameter variation with thickness is not as expected from consideration of the biaxial strain with the substrate, indicative of in‐plane microstrain accommodation by oxygen disorder. Collectively, the results point to an enhancement of critical current by interfacial strain induced oxygen disorder which is greatest closest to the film‐substrate interface. The findings of this study have important implications for other thin functional oxide perovskite films and nanostructures where surface and interfacial strains dominate the properties.     

Evaluation of the effects of sodium chloride,potassium sorbate,nisin and lysozyme on the probability of growth of Clostridium sporogenes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of salt (sodium chloride, 0–8% w/v), sorbate (potassium sorbate, 0–4.5% w/v), nisin (0–500 ppm) and lysozyme (0–500 ppm) on the survival of Clostridium sporogenes as a non‐toxigenic surrogate of Clostridium botulinum in terms of the probability of growth by using a central composite rotatable design. The results indicated that salt and sorbate were the most effective factors in preventing the growth of Cl. sporogenes in high‐moisture (>95%) and low‐acid conditions. The probability of growth of Cl. sporogenes in broth was reduced by combinations of salt and sorbate. Nisin and lysozyme had insignificant effects on the probability of growth of Cl. sporogenes (P > 0.05). Lysozyme individually and in combination with nisin had no inhibitory effect on Cl. sporogenes. Overall, the addition of sorbate and lysozyme may allow the salt concentration to be reduced while preventing growth.     

Effects of experience and motivation on symmetrical-maze performance in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster).

Sex differences in spatial skills are sometimes attributed to sex differences in spatial experience. This hypothesis rests on two assumptions: Spatial experience typically differs with sex, and spatial experience has lasting effects on spatial cognition. We tested the latter assumption in a controlled experiment with wild-caught prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) and their spatially deprived, laboratory-reared, first-generation offspring; we found the assumption to be unjustified. Although major differences in spatial experience had no effect on maze performance, relatively small differences in motivation produced a significant difference in error rates. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Use of gold tracer in the study of atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide

A technique using gold particles as a conserved tracer has been developed in an effort to determine experimentally the oxidation of sulfur dioxide in sour gas plant plumes. A helicopter was used for plume sampling at distances up to 4 km downwind of the stack. The concentration of sulfur dioxide gas in the plume sample was determined by the West-Gaeke method. Neutron activation analysis was used to determine the concentration of gold particles in the plume sample. Since gold particles do not react chemically with plume gases, any decrease in their concentration along the plume path was due to turbulent dispersion. This parameter allowed an accurate estimation to be made of the decrease in the sulfur dioxide concentration within the plume sample that had occured due to physical dilution alone. Any further decrease in concentration could therefore be attributed to loss by chemical reaction. The experimental results indicated that, within the range studied, there is no measurable oxidation of sulfur dioxide in sour gas plant plumes.     

Flocculation of wall-deficient cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant cw15 by calcium and methanol

Flocculation is a common and inexpensive method for harvesting algae from solution. After nitrogen starvation, it was shown that 83 ± 3% of the wall-deficient cells of the cw 15 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flocculated from 12 mL samples within 15 min after the addition of 15 mM calcium chloride at pH 8.4. Only 24 ± 2% of the wildtype strain flocculated under these conditions, thus demonstrating how a simple mutation might facilitate process design. The data suggested that algae grown in waters with similar calcium concentrations (e.g. certain wastewaters) might be harvested through simple pH adjustment. It was also discovered that the addition of small amounts (<5% v/v) of methanol could significantly reduce the calcium needed to achieve flocculation. Within 15 min after addition of 12 mM calcium chloride and 4.6% (v/v) methanol, 83 ± 4% of cw15 cells flocculated. Methanol is fully recoverable by distillation, and its use might enable flocculation without further water salinization when media calcium concentrations fall short of 15 mM. It was further shown that substrates for and/or products of cellular growth affected flocculation adversely. Nearly 81% of cells flocculated from fresh medium compared to only 54% in spent medium.     

The Growing Impact of Micro/Nanomaterial‐Based Systems in Precision Oncology: Translating “Multiomics” Technologies

The field of precision oncology is rapidly progressing toward integrated “multiomics” analysis of multiple molecular species (such as DNA, RNA, or proteins) to provide a more complete profile of tumor heterogeneity. Micro/nanomaterial‐based systems, which leverage the unique properties of miniature materials, are currently well positioned to expand beyond rudimentary biomarker detection toward multiomics signature analysis. To enable clinical translation, the rational design and implementation of miniaturized systems should be driven by the unique clinical challenges present at various crucial cancer stages. This review features micro/nanomaterial‐based systems that are robustly tested on real patient samples for molecular biomarker detection at i) initial cancer screening and/or diagnosis, ii) cancer prognosis and risk stratification, and iii) longitudinal treatment/recurrence monitoring. Furthermore, this review discusses the use of micro/nanomaterials to facilitate sample preparation for different molecular biomarker species. Finally, this review deliberates on the recent paradigm shift of micro/nanomaterial‐based system innovation toward integrated multiomics cancer signature analysis and puts forth insights and perspectives on existing challenges. It is anticipated that this review could stimulate the propagation of new concepts and approaches to kick‐start a new generation of clinically translational technologies that capitalize on multiomics cancer signatures.