Names of the more important European tree species and respective woods in 12 languages

Within Technical Committee CEN/TC 38, “Durability of wood and wood-based products”, the working group 2, “Natural durability of solid wood”, prepared EN 350 Part 2. This standard gives an evaluation of the natural durability and information on the treatability for 127 European and non-European wood species considered of importance for structural purposes in Europe. The standard lists the scientific names, together with the English, French and German common names. In discussions on this standard, it was recommended that a special list should be published giving the national names of the more important European tree species and respective woods, in 12 languages, to facilitate international trade. This list should include the languages of those countries which cooperated in working group 2. The author prepared a proposal based on literature, which he sent to all countries concerned for their comments. The following list with 91 European species, which are not identical with EN 350 Part 2, represents the results of this work. Where “nn” is inserted no national name has been stated in the respective language.     

Sound Tracing: Rendering Listener Specific Acoustic Room Properties

We present an acoustic rendering approach visualizing the listener‐specific contribution of frequency‐dependent pressure fields on a scene geometry with acoustic reflection and scattering properties. Our method facilitates the evaluation of simulated acoustics showing the effect of simulation parameters like absorption and scattering. The image‐based spatial localization of acoustic properties is complementary to the auditive evaluation by means of auralization. Our core contribution is a pressure‐based acoustic rendering equation and a corresponding raytracing method applying techniques from photorealistic rendering to the field of simulated room acoustics. Applications are directed at the visualization of interference patterns and analyzing the impact of acoustic reflection parameters.     

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Measurement and analysis technologies for magnetic pulse welding: established methods and new strategies

Magnetic pulse welding (MPW) is a fast and clean joining technique that offers the possibility to weld dissimilar metals, e.g., aluminum and steel. The high-speed collision of the joining partners is used to generate strong atomic bonded areas. Critical brittle intermetallic phases can be avoided due to the absence of external heat. These features attract the notice of industries performing large scale productions of dissimilar metal joints, like automotive and plant engineering. The most important issue is to guarantee a proper weld quality. Numerical simulations are often used to predict the welding result a priori. Nevertheless, experiments and the measurement of process parameters are needed for the validation of these data. Sensors nearby the joining zone are exposed to high pressures and intense magnetic fields which hinder the evaluation of the electrical output signals. In this paper, existing analysis tools for process development and quality assurance in MPW are reviewed. New methods for the process monitoring and weld characterization during and after MPW are introduced, which help to overcome the mentioned drawbacks of established technologies. These methods are based on optical and mechanical measuring technologies taking advantage of the hypervelocity impact flash, the impact pressure and the deformation necessary for the weld formation.     

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Regional and firm-specific effects on innovations using multi-level methods

This paper analyses the determinants of different innovation types in Germany using the IAB (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung—Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg) Establishment Panel 2006 to 2012 and merged regional data from various sources. The aim of the study is to test the empirical evidence of regional and firm-specific effects on innovations. For the empirical analysis variables of three dimensions are considered: availability and quality of local inputs, knowledge spillover, efficiency of regional innovation system and intra-firm capacity. The effects of these variables are estimated using three-level random effect logit models which account for the clustered and longitudinal structure of the data. In the focus is the empirical analysis of the expected impacts of regional and firm-specific factors on various categories of innovation activities in Germany. The differences between the various kinds of innovations became important when considering the regional and firm-specific variables in detail. While for radical innovations the unemployment rate, the share of MINT graduates, the R&D expenditures and industry’s regional concentration have significant, but relatively small impacts, for other types of innovation the regional variables are insignificant. Overall the empirical results show that the regional intra-class correlation is small and the firm-specific variables are crucial for modelling innovation activities in Germany and dominate the regional dimension.     

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