Primitives for resource management in a demand-driven reduction model

Graph reduction has recently become well-known as a suitable technique for implementing applicative languages. However, its use hitherto has been primarily in implementing determinate programs. This paper is concerned with extensions to a demand-driven graph reduction language for performing resource management, and entail indeterminate operations. Our focus is on primitives for programming the synchronization and scheduling of resources, as found, for example, in operating systems. We propose queueing operators and operators for controlling the order of execution of operations. We show that demand-driven graph reduction simplifies the implementation of resource management, especially in obviating explicit protocols for task creation and deletion, and for busy waiting. The language FGL (Function Graph Language) is first introduced, and the primitives are presented in this language. A number of examples are then presented to show the versatility of these primitives. The paper concludes with a brief sketch of a higher-level notation, calledresource expressions, for specifying synchronization properties.This research was undertaken while the authors were at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, and was supported by a grant MCS77-09369 A01 from the National Science Foundation.     

Exact analysis of unsteady convective diffusion in Casson fluid flow in an annulus – Application to catheterized artery

Summary The dispersion of a solute in the flow of a Casson fluid in an annulus is studied. The generalized dispersion model is employed to study the dispersion process. The effective diffusion coefficient, which describes the whole dispersion process in terms of a simple diffusion process, is obtained as a function of time, in addition to its dependence on the yield stress of the fluid and on the annular gap between the two cylinders. It is observed that the dispersion coefficient changes very rapidly for small values of time and becomes essentially constant as time takes large values. In non–Newtonian fluids the steady state is reached at earlier instants of time when compared to the Newtonian case and the time taken to reach the steady state is seen to depend on the values of the yield stress. It is observed that a decrease in the annular gap inhibits the dispersion process for all times both in Newtonian as well as in non–Newtonian fluids. When the yield stress is 0.05, depending upon the size of the annular gap (0.9–0.7) the reduction factor in the dispersion coefficient varies in the range 0.58–0.08. The application of this study for understanding the dispersion of an indicator in a catheterized artery is discussed.     

Mechanistically based fatigue-damage evolution model for brittle matrix fibre-reinforced composites

An analysis of the fatigue-damage evolution process through prediction of stiffness drop in brittle matrix unidirectional composites reinforced with continuous stiff fibres is presented. The drop in stiffness of the composite is calculated by partitioning the total damage between the components of the composite, namely the matrix, the fibre, and the interface. Predictions of drop in stiffness are validated for different fatigue test conditions in borosilicate glass-ceramic matrix-Nicalon fibre-reinforced composites. In addition, fatigue test results from other composite systems, such as LASII-Nicalon and aluminosilicate-Nicalon, are examined in the light of this model.     

Finite element modelling of crack propagation in elastic-plastic media

Materials which are cyclically stressed by sliding indenters often undergo fatigue wear, as surface breaking vertical cracks and subsurface horizontal cracks propagate causing eventual loss of material. In this study, the authors model crack propagation in an elastic-plastic material using finite element techniques, and consider the influence of friction, elasticity, plasticity and degree of penetration on the J-integral at the tip of a vertical crack. Crack propagation directions are estimated using J-integral maxima as the determining variable. It is found that the J-integral values, as a measure of strain energy release rate, can be used to estimate the crack propagation angle. Its main advantage lies in the fact that it considers both modes (I, II) of crack propagation. Using the J-integral values, one finds that, in the absence of friction between the indenter and the material, the vertical crack is equally prone to propagation at both 45 and 135° angles. However, one notices that the vertical crack favours the direction opposite to the direction of rolling for non-zero values of friction, i.e. 135°. The effects of both the crack depth and the crack tip plasticity are also investigated. It is found that any experimental findings suggestive of crack orientations closer to the horizontal in the direction opposite to the sliding direction are probably a result of shallow vertical asperities or higher crack tip plasticity.     

A Three Layered Peer-to-Peer Energy Efficient Protocol for Reliable and Secure Data Transmission in EAACK MANETs

The wireless body sensor network (WBSN) an extensive of WSN is in charge for the detection of patient’s health concerned data. This monitored health data are essential to be routed to the sink (base station) in an effective way by approaching the routing technique. Routing of tremendous sensed data to the base station minimizes the life time of the network due to heavy traffic occurrence. The major concern of this work is to increase the lifespan of the network which is considered as a serious problem in the wireless network functionalities. In order to recover this issue, we propose an optimal trust aware cluster based routing technique in WBSN. The human body enforced for the detection of health status is assembled with sensor nodes. In this paper, three novel schemes namely, improved evolutionary particle swarm optimization (IEPSO), fuzzy based trust inference model, and self-adaptive greedy buffer allocation and scheduling algorithm (SGBAS) are proposed for the secured transmission of data. The sensor nodes are gathered to form a cluster and from the cluster, it is necessary to select the cluster head (CH) for the effective transmission of data to nearby nodes without accumulation. The CH is chosen by considering IEPSO algorithm. For securable routing, we exhibit fuzzy based trust inference model to select the trusted path. Finally, to reduce traffic occurrence in the network, we introduce SGBAS algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method attains better results when compared with conventional clustering protocols and in terms of some distinctive QoS determinant parameters.     

An Analysis of Energy Efficiency Improvement Through Wireless Energy Transfer in Wireless Sensor Network

In a wireless sensor network, wireless Energy transfer is a demanding technology for the energy difficulties in recent times. The foremost disadvantage of presentation is limited duration because WSN contains only restricted battery energy at a node. Therefore, we anticipated cluster-related wireless energy transfer in this document. The foremost intention of the method is to augment the duration of the sensor network through charging by the help of this wireless power transfer technology. So that, mobile charging vehicle (MCV) is established to move within the network and charge the sensor node battery wireless. The sensor nodes in the network are collected as a cluster for energy efficiency. Here, the cluster head is chosen for each one cluster in the network which is based on the rank metric value. Suppose, if one node in the network is reducing its energy, then the CH will send charge request and route ID to the MCV. Afterward, the MCV recognize the node by means of the exacting route and establish to charge the node. The reproduction consequences illustrate that the network lifetime of our anticipated method is enhanced than obtainable method.

     

Compact light-emitting-diode sun photometer for atmospheric optical depth measurements

A new compact light-emitting diode (LED) sun photometer, in which a LED is used as a spectrally selective photodetector as well as a nonlinear feedback element in the operational amplifier, has been developed. The output voltage that is proportional to the logarithm of the incident solar intensity permits the direct measurement of atmospheric optical depths in selected spectral bands. Measurements made over Ahmedabad, India, show good agreement, within a few percent, of optical depths derived with a LED as a photodetector in a linear mode and with a LED as both a photodetector and a feedback element in an operational amplifier in log mode. The optical depths are also found to compare well with those obtained simultaneously with a conventional filter photometer.