Aging characteristics of high-power lithium-ion cells with LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and Li4/3Ti5/3O4 electrodes

The impedance rise that results from the accelerated aging of high-power lithium-ion cells containing LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂-based positive and graphite-based negative electrodes is dominated by contributions from the positive electrode. Data from various diagnostic experiments have indicated that a general degradation of the ionic pathway, apparently caused by surface film formation on the oxide particles, produces the positive electrode interface rise. One mechanistic hypothesis postulates that these surface films are components of the negative electrode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer that migrate through the electrolyte and separator and subsequently coat the positive electrode. This hypothesis is examined in this article by subjecting cells with LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂-based positive and Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄-based negative electrodes to accelerated aging. The impedance rise in these cells was observed to be almost entirely from the positive electrode. Because reduction products are not expected on the 1.55 V Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄ electrode, the positive electrode impedance cannot be attributed to the migration of SEI-type fragments from the negative electrode. It follows then that the impedance rise results from mechanisms that are “intrinsic” to the positive electrode.     

Upstream Cutoff and Downstream Filters to Control of Seepage in Dams

The finite element method was used in this study to investigate cutoff walls and downstream filters to control seepage, the exit hydraulic gradient, and uplift forces for dams. Experimental data was used for validating the numerical modelling. The effective parameters are the length of filter and its distance downstream from the dam, the depth of the cutoff walls, the upstream dam head, and the thickness of alluvial foundation. The results show that by increasing filter length, the exit hydraulic gradient, uplift force, and seepage are reduced. The optimum relative length of the filter is L/H?=?0.028 which results in a decrease of about 65% in the exit hydraulic gradient, a 35% decrease in seepage and 10% reduction in the uplift force at the upstream foundation and a 60% decrease in the uplift force at the downstream foundation. Increase of cutoff wall depth reduces the exit hydraulic gradient, uplift force, and seepage. Using two cutoff walls both upstream and downstream of the dam decreases seepage, hydraulic gradient, and uplift force 132%, 450% and 11% respectively. However, using an upstream cutoff and downstream filter decreases seepage, hydraulic gradient, and uplift force by 180%, 490%, and 119% respectively. Thus, based on this study, recommendations for suitable combinations of upstream cutoff and downstream filter are provided.

     

Electrokinetic power generation of non-Newtonian fluids in a finite length microchannel

In order to examine the effects of the fluid type as the electrolyte solvent on the efficiency of electrokinetic energy conversion, a comparative numerical study among three different fluid types of a transient electrokinetic flow through a single circular finite length microchannel has been conducted. The system was initially at an equilibrium non-flow state, and a step change in flow was applied and the calculation proceeding until steady state was achieved. The analysis was based on non-dimensional transport governing equations that were scaled using Debye length as the characteristic length scale and diffusion time as characteristic time scale. The fluid types considered were shear thinning, Newtonian, and shear thickening, and a power law modeled them with the scaled flow behavior index having values of 0.2, 1.0, and 1.8. In order to isolate the electrokinetic effects of the different relationships between the shear strain rate and shear stress, the flow consistency index was adjusted so that in all the cases the flow rate and total pressure drop matched that of water at 25 °C. All other fluid and interfacial properties were the same for all cases. The key observational difference between the various fluid types was that their different axial velocity profile acted on essential the same free charge density profiles. Consequently, the convection current density (i.e., the radial distribution of charge being advected along the channel) was strongly affected by the fluid type. Integration of this quantity to calculate the convection current showed that for the particular fluid properties chosen the shear thinning fluid was 20 % higher than the Newtonian fluid, while the shear thickening fluid was only 4 % lower than the Newtonian fluid. Combined with the effects, these different currents have on the streaming potential, the shear thinning fluid was 50 % more effective in converting flow work to electrical work than the Newtonian fluid, while the shear thickening fluid was only 16 % lower than the Newtonian fluid.     

An interactive lung field segmentation scheme with automated capability

Feasible clinical application of any automated segmenting methodology demands more than just accuracy. Amendment to the automated delineation is necessary when the algorithm fails, however, integrated solution to such a scenario is largely absent in literature. Hence in this survey we devised an architecture that does both the automated and interactive lung field localizations using a single segmenting engine—random walker algorithm—so that intuitive amendment is only necessary when the automated generated delineation is unsatisfactory. The algorithm proceeds by first extracting 18 intensity profiles running horizontally, each of them equally spacing apart, and in each intensity profile three extreme points denoting the two lungs and the esophagus are determined through profile matching. This done, the algorithm removes profiles that do not intersect with the lung, and the rest of the extreme points are plugged into random walker algorithm to perform segmentation. The achieved accuracy in localization by the above was 0.8875 in terms of overlap measure (the maximum value for this parameter is 1) over 341 images. In the case where unsatisfactory delineation prompts amendment necessary, the user can interactively segment the lung by just a shift on some of the previous-determined points to the desired locations, and random walker algorithm is run again with the amended input. By such a fusion, the benefits of both the automated and interactive segmentation are shared in a single architecture.     

Evaluating opportunistic networks in disaster scenarios

Forwarding data in scenarios where devices have sporadic connectivity is a challenge. An example scenario is a disaster area, where forwarding information generated in the incident location, like victims' medical data, to a coordination point is critical for quick, accurate and coordinated intervention. New applications are being developed based on mobile devices and wireless opportunistic networks as a solution to destroyed or overused communication networks. But the performance of opportunistic routing methods applied to emergency scenarios is unknown today. In this paper, we compare and contrast the efficiency of the most significant opportunistic routing protocols through simulations in realistic disaster scenarios in order to show how the different characteristics of an emergency scenario impact in the behaviour of each one of them.     

Involving the user Through Library 2.0

Libraries, as we know them today, can be defined by the term Library 1.0. This defines the way resources are kept on shelves or at a computer behind a login. These resources can be taken from a shelf, checked out by the library staff, taken home for a certain length of time and absorbed, and then returned to the library for someone else to avail of. Library 1.0 is a one-directional service that takes people to the information they require. Library 2.0 – or L2 as it is now more commonly addressed as – aims to take the information to the people by bringing the library service to the Internet and getting the users more involved by encouraging feedback participation. This paper presents an overview of Library 2.0 and introduces web 2.0 concepts.     

Online hybrid traffic classifier for Peer-to-Peer systems based on network processors

It is estimated that 70% or more of broadband bandwidth is consumed by transmitting music, games, video and other content through Peer-to-Peer (P2P) clients. In order to detect, identify, and manage P2P traffic, some port, payload and transport layer feature based methods were proposed. Most of them were applied to offline traffic classification mainly due to the performance reason. In this paper, a network processors (NPs) based online hybrid traffic classifier is proposed. The designed hardware classifier is able to classify P2P traffic based on the static characteristic namely on line speed, and the Flexible Neural Tree(FNT) based software classifier helps learning and selecting P2P traffic attributes from the statistical characteristics of the P2P traffic. Experiment results illustrate that the hybrid classifier performs well for online classification of P2P traffic from gigabit network. The proposed framework also depicts good expansion capabilities to add new P2P features and to adapt to new P2P applications online.