Laboratory investigation of the properties of epoxy asphalt rubber (EAR)

Crumb rubber is preliminarily mixed with asphalt in wet process to produce ductile and elastic asphalt rubber (AR), which has been extensively used in high performance bituminous mixtures for road pavement. Epoxy asphalt is a thermosetting polymer modified asphalt with excellent performance and has been widely applied on the pavement of steel bridge decks. Epoxy asphalt rubber (EAR) was prepared by mixing AR with the epoxy (EP). The effect of AR concentration on the phase-separated morphology, viscosity, thermal stability and mechanical properties of the neat EP were compared with that of asphalt. Laser scanning confocal microscopy observations revealed that AR particles disperse in the continuous epoxy phase with co-continuous phase-separated structures in EARs with 40 and 50 wt% AR. However, the phase inverts to continuous asphalt structures with dispersed spherical and co-continuous epoxy phase as AR concentration reaches 60 wt%. The addition of AR increases the viscosity of the neat EP. The thermal stability of the neat EP is improved with the incorporation of AR. The presence of AR decreases the tensile strength of the neat EP, while the elongation at break of the neat EP increases with the increase of AR concentration. The viscosity and mechanical properties of EAR with 50 wt% AR completely satisfy the technical requirement of hot-mix epoxy asphalt binder for steel bridge deck pavements.     

Bond of steel reinforcement with microwave cured concrete repair mortars

This paper investigates the effect of microwave curing on the bond strength of steel reinforcement in concrete repair. Pull-out tests on plain mild steel reinforcement bars embedded in four repair materials in 100 mm cube specimens were performed to determine the interfacial bond strength. The porosity and pore structure of the matrix at the steel interface, which influence the bond strength, were also determined. Test results show that microwave curing significantly reduces the bond strength of plain steel reinforcement. The reduction relative to normally cured (20 °C, 60% RH) specimens is between 21 and 40% with low density repair materials and about 10% for normal density cementitious mortars. The corresponding compressive strength of the matrix also recorded similar reduction and microwave curing resulted in increased porosity at the interface transition zone of the steel reinforcement. A unique relationship exists between bond strength and both compressive strength and porosity of all matrix materials. Microwave curing reduced shrinkage but despite the wide variation in the shrinkage of the repair mortars, its effect on the bond strength was small. The paper provides clear correlations between the three parameters (compressive strength, bond strength and porosity), which are common to both the microwave and conventionally cured mortars. Therefore, bond-compressive strength relationships used in the design of reinforced concrete structures will be also valid for microwave cured elements.     

Steady-state O<Subscript>2</Subscript> and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> diffusion in carbonated mortars produced with blended cements

The diffusion coefficient \(D_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }}\), the porosity and the pore structure of mortars produced with a Portland cement and a range of blended cements containing limestone powder, microsilica, portlandite or slag were measured in the non-carbonated and the carbonated state. Additionally, the setup for measuring O₂ diffusion was adapted to measure also the CO₂ diffusion of the carbonated mortars. The diffusion coefficient \(D_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }}\) and the total porosity were increased in the mortars containing microsilica and slag, while they were decreased in the other mortars due to carbonation. Invariably, the pore structure became coarser in all samples. The relationship between diffusion coefficients \(D_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }}\) and \(D_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}\) in the carbonated mortars was always linear, with \(D_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }}\) systematically higher by factor of 1.37. As this factor broadly agrees with what was found in the scant literature about CO₂ diffusion, it could be used for estimating \(D_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}\) of carbonated mortar and concrete based on measurements of O₂ diffusion.     

Effectiveness of crystalline admixtures and lime/cement coated granules in engineered self-healing capacity of lime mortars

Recently, the use of lime mortars in the restoration of historic buildings has found a renewed interest because they can guarantee the required mechanical, chemical and physical compatibility with the existing substrate. Spontaneous occurrence of self-healing phenomena in lime-based mortars is well known; the possibility of engineering the self-healing capacity, through tailored additions, is therefore of the utmost interest with the aim of enhancing the durability of the building masonry restoration works. This work proposes a system for the evaluation of the self-healing capacity with reference to traditional and advanced lime mortars. The autogenous healing capacity of a reference lime mortar has been first of all evaluated. Then, the possibility of engineering the aforementioned capacity has also assessed, through both commercial crystalline admixtures and tailored encapsulated additives. These should work according to a twofold mechanism: first, the coated granules envelope a core of lime mortar with purpose of making it inert during the hardening phase. Secondly, once the coated granules rupture upon cracking and damage of the mortar, the reactive binder is released and undergoes a delayed hardening, which is responsible of the healing phenomena. The results show that the mortar is able to heal micro-cracks; moreover, the addition of the crystalline admixture enhances this capacity. The different kinds of employed coated granules were also able to induce a sensible self-healing, but they decrease the instantaneous compressive strength.     

The oxidation of bitumen witnessed in-situ by infrared spectroscopy

During the production and recycling of asphalt concrete, bitumen in contact with inorganic particles is exposed to air at high temperatures. As a result an oxidation of bitumen, also known as aging, occurs. The reaction between bitumen and air at 163 °C was studied insitu with and without the presence of inorganic impurities by means of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the attenuated reflectance mode. This oxidation was discovered to be a step-wise reaction facilitated by the oxidation of thiols and creation of peroxides within the system. The rate of reaction was demonstrated to depend on the type of impurity present, of which iron (III) chloride was the strongest catalyst. It was further demonstrated that the oxidation reaction is inhibited by the adsorption of thiol species present in the system on copper particles. Combining copper with the iron (III) chloride-containing system also resulted in the inhibition of signal increase in the sulfoxide region of the spectra. The results of this preliminary research on the bitumen oxidation reaction presented are proposed for further research regarding control of aging of asphalt concrete, especially during the recycling works.     

Experimental modelling of free-surface dry granular flows under a centrifugal acceleration field

We investigate the dynamics of granular flows under the action of a centrifugal acceleration field. The granular flows consist of a monodisperse set of glass beads flowing down an inclined plane. The experiments are performed at variable slope angles \(\zeta \) and equivalent centrifugal accelerations \(a_\text {cf}\equiv Ng\). We study the effect of this parameters on the superficial flow velocity u and flow height h. Two trends are observed, by increasing \(\zeta \) and \(a_\text {cf}\), u increases proportionally, and h decreases asymptotically until a constant height. This relation is analysed in terms of the system potential and kinetic energy, leading to the estimation of equivalent impact forces one order of magnitude larger than those observed in small scale 1g laboratory experiments, with the possibility to reach higher forces by increasing N. Finally, considering the trend of u and h, our results suggest a scaling principle of inertial velocity proportional to \(\sqrt{N}\).     

Generalization of the ordinary state-based peridynamic model for isotropic linear viscoelasticity

This paper presents a generalization of the original ordinary state-based peridynamic model for isotropic linear viscoelasticity. The viscoelastic material response is represented using the thermodynamically acceptable Prony series approach. It can feature as many Prony terms as required and accounts for viscoelastic spherical and deviatoric components. The model was derived from an equivalence between peridynamic viscoelastic parameters and those appearing in classical continuum mechanics, by equating the free energy densities expressed in both frameworks. The model was simplified to a uni-dimensional expression and implemented to simulate a creep-recovery test. This implementation was finally validated by comparing peridynamic predictions to those predicted from classical continuum mechanics. An exact correspondence between peridynamics and the classical continuum approach was shown when the peridynamic horizon becomes small, meaning peridynamics tends toward classical continuum mechanics. This work provides a clear and direct means to researchers dealing with viscoelastic phenomena to tackle their problem within the peridynamic framework.     

Robust and efficient direction identification for groupwise additive multiple-index models and its applications

This paper concerns robust and efficient direction identification for a groupwise additive multiple-index model, in which each additive function has a single-index structure. Interestingly, without involving non-parametric approach, we show that the directions of all the index parameter vectors can be recovered by a simple linear composite quantile regression (CQR). As a specific application, a iterative-free CQR estimation procedure for the partially linear single-index model is proposed. Furthermore, it can also be used to develop a penalized CQR procedure for variable selection in the high-dimensional settings. The new method has superiority in robustness and efficiency by inheriting the advantage of the CQR approach. Simulation results and real-data analysis also confirm our method.