Effective water diffusivity in deep-fat fried restructured potato product

Water diffusivity was determined for a restructured potato product undergoing deep-fat frying. Pre-fried product gel-strength, expressed by its deformability modulus, varied from 37 to 127 kPa and markedly affected the effective diffusion coefficients, ranging from 3.31 to 1.58 × 10⁻⁹ m² s⁻¹, respectively. Pre- and post-fried effective water diffusivity decreased with higher deformability modulus. Frying time reduced the effective water diffusivity only when the initial deformability modulus was higher than 52 and 79 kPa for 1 and 5 min, respectively. Oil uptake criterion was found to increase with the effective water diffusivity for frying durations of 1 and 5 min.     

Real-time packet switching: a performance analysis

The authors model the internal structure of a packet-switching node in a real-time system and characterize the tradeoff between throughput, delay, and packet loss as a function of the buffer size, switching speed, etc. They assume a simple shared-single-path switch fabric, though the analysis can be generalized to a wider class of switch fabrics. They show that with a small number of buffers the node will provide a guaranteed delay bound for high-priority traffic, a low average delay for low-priority traffic, no loss of packets at the input and low probability of packet loss at output     

Spallation as an effect of laser-induced shock waves

Spallation resulting from laser-driven shock waves in metallic foils was investigated and the various stages of material failure were identified. The very high strain rate (10⁷sec^–1 ) characteristic of these experiments sets our results apart from those obtained by high explosives or hypervelocity impact. Numerical hydrodynamic simulations of the phenomenon were developed and are shown to be in qualitative agreement with the experimental results.     

Collision resolution algorithms in multistation packet-radionetworks

The performance of a multistation packet-radio network in which the nodes of the network employ some collision resolution algorithm (CRA) for accessing a shared radio channel is analyzed. The two CRAs considered here are the binary-tree CRA (BTCRA) and the clipped binary-tree CRA (CBTCRA). The exact analysis of a multistation network with these access schemes is intractable. Therefore, the authors present an approximate method that captures the interactions among the nodes of different stations. The mean idea is to view the interference among the nodes of different stations as independent random noises and compute the probabilities of these noises, taking into account the interactions between the nodes. Numerical results of the approximate analysis are presented and compared with the results of simulations     

SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION OF ISRAELI MISHOR ROTEM OIL SHALE 1. BATCH EXTRACTION WITH TOLUENE

Recovery of organic material from Israeli Mishor Rotem oil shale with toluene under supercritical conditions was investigated. The rate of solubilization, change of structural aspects and molecular weights of solubilized products with time were investigated. Experiments to recover organic material from shale were performed in a stainless steel high pressure autoclave. Shale Sample was charged in a sintered glass crucible suspended from the cap of the autoclave; toluene was the solvent in all experiments. Solvent/shale ratio was 20; experimental temperature was 34O^°C. The gaseous products were analyzed by gas chromatography. Molecular weights of the organic material recovered was measured by gel permeation chromatography technique. FTIR spectra of the organic material recovered and fractions isolated by extractive and chromatographical methods were measured. The amount of kerogen remaining in the spent shale was determined by oxidative derivative thermal gravimetry. A steady state in the production of solubles was reached within 60 minutes at 340^°C with a yield of 60 percent. After this time no further amounts of organic material was recovered. The molecular weights of the recovered organic material decreased at extended times after the steady state was reached. It appeared that the structure of the organic material recovered remained unchanged until the steady state condition is reached whereupon some structural changes occurred. At extended times the organic material was converted into more aromatic and less hydroxyl containing structures of lower molecular weight. The organic material recovered upon reaching steady state was fractionated into 63 percent oils (pentane solubles) and 32 percent asphaltenes (toluene solubles). The oile contained aliphatics and monoaromatic structures and the asphaltenes contained polyaromatic polar structures. Gases which constituted 4 percent of the initial kerogen were produced during the heating period to 340^°C. The amount of carbon monoxide produced remained constant and amounts of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane decreased after supercritical conditions were attained.     

Structured priority queueing systems with applications to packet-radio networks

In this paper we investigate a certain class of systems containing dependent discrete time queues. This class of systems consists of N nodes transmitting packets to each other or to the outside of the system over a common shared channel, and is characterized by the fact that access to the channel is assigned according to priorities that are preassigned to the nodes. To each node a given probability distribution is attached, that indicates the probabilities that a packet transmitted by the node is forwarded to one of the other nodes or to the outside of the system.

Using extensively the fact that the joint generating function of the queue lengths distribution is an analytic function in a certain domain, we obtain an expression for this joint generating function. From the latter any moment of the queue lengths and also average time delays can be obtained.

The main motivation for investigating the class of systems of this paper is its applicability to several packet-radio networks. We give two examples: The first is a certain access scheme for a network where all nodes can hear each other, and the second is a three-node tandem packet-raido network.     

An Optical Sensor for Real-Time Positioning, Tracking, and Teaching of Industrial Robots

A real-time optical sensor has been integrated into a robot end effector. The sensor consists of a four-element position sensing spot, detector and can control a robot motion in two dimensions (two translational axes or translational and rotational axes). Analogical detection and signal analysis ensure fast response of the sensing system. The detecting system has been connected to the ``Unimation-Puma 600' robot, through its manual teach box, thus different tasks such as real-time path tracking, spot positioning, and teaching can be achieved. The sensor is simple in design and consequently inexpensive.     

Test anxiety: Deficits in information processing.

Compared 194 high, medium, and low test-anxious undergraduates (Worry and Emotionality Questionnaire) on the retrieval deficit hypothesis. The hypothesis was supported by results showing that high test-anxious Ss did poorly on essay and short-answer questions but did well on multiple choice questions that involved less active retrieval. Specifically, results show that high test-anxious Ss (a) did poorly on a take-home examination that did not emphasize retrieval, (b) reported problems in learning material throughout the course, (c) had problems picking important points in the reading assignments, and (d) encoded information at a more superficial level. Results imply that the worry reported by high test-anxious Ss may not simply be a personality characteristic but may rather be due to their inadequate knowledge of the subject matter. Results also imply that programs for helping such Ss should emphasize developing learning strategies and coping techniques for the test situation. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)