Hydration of heat-treated soy protein isolate and its effect on the molten flow properties at an elevated temperature

The relationship between the flow properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) at 140°C, measured using an extrusion viscometer, and changes in the hydration state were investigated. The state of the water in SPI was analysed by measurement of the freezable water content using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by spin-spin relaxation rate (R₂) measurements using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The dependence of the flow properties on the state of water was indicated by the correspondence between the water content at which the flow characteristics of molten SPI changed, and the critical water content indicated by DSC measurement of the minimum freezable water content, and by the inflection point in NMR measurement of the spin-spin relaxation rate (R₂).     

Effects of Antimony Oxide on the Characteristics of ZnO Varistors

The breakdown voltage, the upturn voltage, and the nonlinearity of the ZnO varistors are significantly influenced by the Sb₂O₃ and SiO₂ contents, as well as by the β→γ transition of the Bi₂O₃ phase. The lattice parameter of spinel is influenced by the coexisting Bi₂O₃ phase. Antimony oxide disperses into the powders of ZnO and other additives in the early stage of sintering, and finally gathers again as particles of spinel which may play an important role in the improvement of the nonlinearity by stressing the interfaces of two ZnO grains.     

盐浓度及温度对秋刀鱼干制作中组胺生成的影响

鱼在海水中易被组胺菌污染,并且秋刀鱼干在制作过程中,是在常温下晒干,易造成组胺菌的生长繁殖,可能会产生相应的组胺。本实验以不同的盐浓度(5%、10%、20%)制备鱼干,以不同的温度(20℃,25℃)保存6 d,每天取样测定鱼肉中组胺的变化量。结果表明随着盐浓度的增高,组胺生成量逐渐减少,而且25℃比20℃生成的组胺含量高。     

A PROPOSAL FOR DIGITIZATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID DISTRIBUTION DATA

Abstract

A spline function has been employed to interpolate liquid-liquid distribution data by producing a function representing a smoothed curve through the points. The data for divalent metal extraction by trioctylamine, tributyl-phosphate and hydroxyoxime are examined in order to test the utility of interpolation with this function.     

Modified peniotron using a TE11 rectangular waveguide cavity

This paper proposes a modified peniotron which is expected to increase both handling power and conversion efficiency compared with the original peniotron, and reports the analytical results or its operational characteristics using some computer simulations. Analytical results assuming the fundamental operation of ω₀ ? ω_c at l0GHz show that an extremely high transverse efficiency of nearly 100% may be attainable over a considerably wide range of output power. The tube uses a TE₁₁ rectangular waveguide cavity instead of the double-pair ridged waveguide cavity used for the original peniotron.     

SOME METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION DATA AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Abstract

Three programs develpoed to analyze data for liquid-liquid extraction of metal have been applied to the calculation of the stability constants of aqueous cadmium(II)-thiocyanato complexes by using the data for the extraction of tricaprylmethylammonium salt in benzene. The resulting stability constants of the aqueous thiocyanato complexes determined were: for the trial and error method log β₁ = 2·97, log β₂ = 3·70, log β₃ =3·50 and log β₄ =3·28; for the Gauss method log β₁ = 2·91, log β₂ = 3·70, log β₃ =3·35 and log β₄ = 3·29; for the Newton-Gauss method for log β₁ = 2·47, log β₂ =3·24, log β₃ =2·29 and log β₄ = 2·85     

CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR MIXING VESSELS

Abstract

The convective diffusion equation of aerosols in the case of gas stream slip on the fibre cylindrical surface has been solved by means of the finite element collocation method. Half-analytical form of the solution makes it possible to examine directly changes the slip causes in the distribution of solids around the fibre surface. Concentration profiles and deposition efficiency computed by this method differ from the experiment results less than those obtained by the common method of finite differences. Additionally the finite element collocation has proved to converge more rapidly than that of finite differences (at optimal conditions of calculation for both methods).¹⁰     

Acidity Control and Catalysis of Pentasil Zeolites

Acidities of pentasil zeolites were measured and correlated with aluminum content using the following methods: (1) Acid-base indicator method, (2) NH₃-TPD spectra, (3) GC pulse adsorption of pyridine and 4-methylquinoline, and (4) FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine.

By controlling the acidity of pentasil zeolites, we have succeeded in obtaining high catalytic performance both in paraselective dealkylation of cymenes and in vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to ?-caprolactam. In the dealkylation, moderate acidity of Li-ZSM-5 was the key to avoid side reactions while keeping a high conversion of cymenes. In the Beckmann rearrangement, neutrality and crystallinity of the pentasil zeolite were keys to obtain a high lactam selectivity, and a high lactam selectivity of 95% was attained by the surface treatment with chlorotrimethylsilane. The active sites were elucidated to be neutral silanols on the external surface of zeolite.     

Time Evolution of Demixing in Oxides under an Oxygen Potential Gradient

Time evolution of concentration profiles leading to steady-state demixing in oxides under oxygen partial pressure gradient is treated based on a microscopic model by applying the path probability method of irreversible statistical mechanics. The redistribution of vacancies and cations toward the steady-state distribution has essentially been reduced to the diffusion of vacancies and the interdiffusion of cations along the specimen. Atomistic features of the problem, such as a vast difference in the relaxation times for the redistribution of vacancies and cations, are emphasized. Time required for the system to reach the steady state is then estimated in terms of fundamental material properties.     

Long polymeric tips of atomic force microscopy for large biological samples

We show a new atomic force microscopy technique for obtaining high‐resolution topographic images of large bio‐samples. To obtain high‐resolution topographic images for the samples, we fabricated a long polymeric tip with a small protrusion using two‐photon adsorbed photo‐polymerization techniques. The obtained tip length was over 50 µm, and the tip was used directly to visualize COS‐1 and 293 cells. Compared with commercial tips, the long tip made it easier to obtain topographic images of the large cells. In the magnified topographic images, the sub‐100‐nm resolution was confirmed with the long tips. This long probe tip is expected to broaden large sample‐related studies and applications in the future.