MHD Eyring–Powell nanofluid past over an unsteady exponentially stretching surface with entropy generation and thermal radiation

This study's primary objective is to analyze the entropy generation in an unsteady magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Eyring–Powell nanofluid flow. A surface that stretched out exponentially induced flow. The influences of thermal radiation, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion are also taken into consideration. The mathematical formulation for the transport of mass, momentum, and heat described by a set of partial differential equation is used, which is then interpreted by embracing the homotopy analysis method and with a fourth-order precision program (bvp4c). Graphical results display the consequences of numerous parameters on velocity, temperature, concentration, and entropy generation. Moreover, escalating amounts of the magnetic parameter, thermal radiation parameter, Reynolds number, and Brinkman number improve the entropy profile of the nanofluid. The rate of heat flux and the mass flux conspicuously improves for non-Newtonian fluid as compared to Newtonian fluid.     

Enhancing the Performance of Video Streaming in Wireless Mesh Networks

Multihop wireless mesh networks (WMNs) provide ubiquitous wireless access in a large area with less dependence on wired networks. However, some emerging applications with high bandwidth requirement and delay and loss constraints, such as video streaming, suffer poor performance in WMNs, since high compression rates and/or high packet loss rates deteriorate the video quality. In this paper, we propose a novel mechanism composed of (1) a network route selection scheme which provides paths for multiple video streams with the least interference, called Minimum Interference Route Selection (MIROSE) and (2) an optimization algorithm that determines the compression rates depending on the network condition, called Network State Dependent Video Compression Rate (NSDVCR) algorithm. Simulation results of the proposed mechanisms show the significant improvement of the video quality measured with a popular metric, Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), compared with standard routing and default compression rates.     

Validation of arrayed imaging reflectometry biosensor response for protein-antibody interactions: cross-correlation of theory, experiment, and complementary techniques

One of the critical steps in the development of an analytical technique is to confirm that its experimental response correlates with predictions derived from the theoretical framework on which it is based. This validates the technique quantitatively and, in the case of a biosensor, facilitates a correlation of the sensor's output signal to the concentration of the analyte being tested. Herein we report studies demonstrating that the quantitative response of arrayed imaging reflectometry (AIR), a highly sensitive label-free biosensing method, is a predictable function of the probe and analyte properties. We first incorporated a standard one-site Langmuir binding model describing probe-analyte interactions at the surface into the theoretical model for thickness-dependent reflectance in AIR. This established a hypothetical correlation between the analyte concentration and the AIR response. Spectroscopic ellipsometry, surface plasmon resonance, and AIR were then used to validate this model for two biomedically important proteins, fibroblast growth factor-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor. While our studies demonstrated that the 1:1 one-site Langmuir model accurately described the observed response of macrospot AIR arrays, either a two-site Langmuir model or a Sips isotherm better described the behavior of AIR microarrays. These studies confirmed the quantitative performance of AIR across a range of probe-analyte affinities. Furthermore, the methodology developed here can be extended to other label-free biosensing platforms, thus facilitating a more accurate and quantitative interpretation of the sensor response.     

Analysis of cellular metabolism of hybridoma cells at distinct physiological states

Hybridoma cells were cultivated in a chemically defined medium in continuous cultures. These cultures reached different steady states marked by distinctive cell metabolism depending on the culture conditions leading to the steady state. Those steady states with different metabolism are characterized by different stoichiometric ratios of lactate production to glucose consumption (deltaL/deltaG). The specific consumption rates of glucose, glutamine and other amino acids are reduced when DeltaL DeltaG reduces. Those steady states do not have a few discrete values of deltaL/deltaGs , rather they span from a high deltaL/deltaG state (> 1.0) to an intermediate state (0.1 < or = deltaL/deltaG < or = 1.0), and reduces even further at a low deltaL/deltaG state (< 0.1). Metabolic flux analysis was performed to compare energy metabolism of cells in cultures representing these three distinct metabolic states. The material balance on carbon and nitrogen was facilitated by the use of chemically defined medium. The formation of biomass was systematically estimated. It was revealed that all glycolysis and TCA cycle fluxes are reduced as deltaL/deltaG decreases. At the low deltaL/deltaG state, a reduction in amino acid specific consumption rate is accompanied by a reduction in all the fluxes around pyruvate. The analysis also shows that the outflux from the TCA cycle to form pyruvate, which contributes to lactate formation, is possibly linked to the higher consumption rate of amino acids at the high deltaL/deltaG state. Taken together the results suggest the amino acid metabolism plays an important role in reducing lactate production in mammalian cell culture.     

Implementation of AES Key Schedule Using Look-Ahead Technique

The commencement of decryption process of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is dependent on availability of the last round key. In this paper, we propose a look-ahead technique for increasing the speed of implementation of AES key schedule using which the last round key can be made available fast. The other round keys can also be computed in a parallel path using the proposed technique. Applications such as key search engines need to be agile to key changes for decrypting given encrypted messages using all the keys in the available key space so that fast decryption is possible. The FPGA implementation results using Xilinx XC5VLX85 are also provided.     

Activities in the spinel solid solution Fe X Mg1−X Al2O4

Activities in the spinel solid solution Fe _X Mg_1−X Al₂O₄ saturated with α-Al₂O₃ have been measured for the compositional range 0<X<1 between 1100 and 1350 K using a bielectrolyte solid-state galvanic cell, which may be represented as Pt, Fe + Fe _X Mg_1−X Al₂O₄+α-Al₂O₃//(Y₂O₃)ThO₂/(CaO)ZrO₂//Fe + FeAl₂O₄+α-Al₂O₃, Pt Activities of ferrous and magnesium aluminates exhibit small negative deviations from Raoult’s law. The excess free energy of mixing of the solid solution is a symmetric function of composition and is independent of temperature: ΔG ^E=−1990 X(1−X) J/mol. Theoretical analysis of cation distribution in spinel solid solution also suggests mild negative deviations from ideality. The lattice parameter varies linearly with composition in samples quenched from 1300 K. Phase relations in the FeO-MgO-Al₂O₃ system at 1300 K are deduced from the results of this study and auxiliary thermodynamic data from the literature. The calculation demonstrates the influence of intracrystalline ion exchange equilibrium between nonequivalent crystallographic sites in the spinel structure on intercrystalline ion exchange equilibrium between the monoxide and spinel solid solutions (tie-lines). The composition dependence of oxygen partial pressure at 1300 K is evaluated for three-phase equilibria involving the solid solutions Fe + Fe _X Mg_1−X Al₂O₄+α-Al₂O₃ and Fe + Fe _y Mg_1−Y O+Fe _X Mg_1−X Al₂O₄. Dependence of X, denoting the composition of the spinel solid solution, on parameter Y, characterizing the composition of the monoxide solid solution with rock salt structure, in phase fields involving the two solid solutions is elucidated. The tie-lines are slightly skewed toward the MgAl₂O₄ corner.     

Recoil tritium-C60 interaction: a channel for endohedral encapsulation of tritium in C60

The introduction of tritium (T), with an initial kinetic energy of 2.7 MeV into the cavity of C₆₀ using recoil implantation is studied in a ⁶Li(n,α)T activated homogenized compound matrix of Li₂CO₃ and C_60. Radioactive endohedral T@C₆₀ could be detected through the liquid scintillation spectrometry coupled with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry provided evidence for the retainment of C₆₀ cage as against radiation damage. Solid state temperature-programmed desorption based on evolved gas showed the desorption of ³He gas (as a β⁻ decay product from T) from the endohedral C₆₀ cage at a higher temperature than the T₂ and T₂O trapped species at the defect sites and from the ordered crystallographic network of Li₂CO₃, respectively. The non-isothermal kinetics of the helium desorption, as a function of temperature evidenced a diffusion controlled process.     

A novel route for the synthesis of indium nanoparticles in ionic liquid

In this paper, we report a novel preparation of indium nanoparticles by the reduction of indium chloride in ionic liquid by methanolic solution of NaBH₄. The particles are characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction and UV-visible studies indicated that the powder consist of the cubic phase of indium. The particle size of indium nanoparticles is in the range of 20 nm mean diameter by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The samples display a strong surface plasma absorption band at 231 nm, which indicates that the sample is metal indium and the particle size is less than 20 nm. The thermal analysis of the sample indicate indium not indium oxide. Electrochemical studies show that indium nanoparticles have very good electrical properties.     

Effect of Polyaniline Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes Addition on the Positive Temperature Coefficient Behavior of Carbon Black/High-Density Polyethylene Nanocomposites

The influence of addition of polyaniline functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PANI-MWNTs) on the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) characteristics of carbon black (CB) filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) nanocomposite materials have been studied. Polymer nanocomposites were prepared by the combined solution and melt-mixing process. The experimental results showed that the PTC intensity and maximum resistivity of the hybrid nanocomposites were obviously influenced by the polyaniline functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). A noticeable PTC of resistivity was observed for PANI-MWNTs/CB/HDPE hybrid nanocomposites near the melting point of HDPE. This is due to the significant volume expansion near the melting point of the HDPE in presence of hybrid fillers and a sudden increase of the resistivity due to the disconnection of the conductive paths. The PTC effect of CB/HDPE composites can be effectively modified by the addition of PANI-MWNTs.