Hydrostatic-pressure-induced depolarization of (Pb1-1.5xLax)(Zr0.80Ti0.20)O3 ferroelectric ceramics

Pulse power energy conversion materials with ultrafast discharge processes and ultrahigh power densities have been widely used in the defense, energy, medical, and mining fields. The pressure-driven depolarization in ferroelectric materials is significant and accounts for the discharge processes. In this study, we focus on pressure-induced depolarization in (Pb_1-1.5xLa_x)(Zr_0.80Ti_0.20)O₃ (PLZT) (x = 0-0.07) ceramics, and their corresponding phase structure, dielectric properties, ferroelectric properties, and thermal depolarization performances. Although a satisfactory pulse power energy conversion performance has been achieved in Pb(Zr_0.95Ti_0.05)O₃ materials, poor temperature stability negatively influences their application. The static charge densities of PLZT (x = 0.04, 0.06) decreased from 29.11 μC/cm² and 31.53 μC/cm² to 19.76 μC/cm² and 6.56 μC/cm² under 400 MPa hydrostatic pressure, respectively, which is attributed to a pressure-driven ferroelectric-antiferroelectric phase structural transition. In particular, the temperature stability of PLZT (x = 0.06) materials is up to 87°C. This study may guide the further development pulse power energy conversion devices.     

The effect of washing process on the cracking of ZrO2 microspheres by internal gelation

ZrO₂ microspheres are widely used as a simulant of UO₂ in the development of nuclear fuel. However, the cracking of ZrO₂ microspheres prepared by internal gelation is still a challenge during drying and sintering processes. To address this issue, we designed and optimized the washing process for obtaining crack-free ZrO₂ microspheres. Through thermogravimetric, infrared, Raman, BET, and SEM analysis, it is shown that the cracking of the microspheres is mainly related to the pores in microspheres. The washing solvent with low surface tension is used to reduce the effect of capillary force on pore shrinkage. Therefore, the optimal washing process was designed as trichloroethylene (TCE)—0.5 M NH₃.H₂O—Propylene glycol methyl ether (PM) and gel microspheres with a high specific surface area of 315.3 m²/g and pore volume of 0.4125 cm³/g were obtained. The characterizations also further showed that when the microspheres were dried and sintered, the water vapor and the decomposition gas of organic matter were completely released from the pores in the microspheres. Our new washing process could be directly extended for preparing crack-free ceramic microspheres by internal gelation.     

High extinction-ratio microstructure fiber based on chalcogenide glasses

Extinction ratio (ER) is one of the important parameters to characterize the polarization-maintaining (PM) performance of the fiber. In this paper, we report the preparation and properties of a novel chalcogenide microstructure fiber with a high ER. We fabricate a preform using a peeled-off extrusion method. The core and cladding material of the fiber are Ge₉As₂₃Se₆₈ and Ge₁₀As₂₂Se₆₈. The preform was drawn into a fiber with an average ER of −17.08 dB. The loss of the fiber is less than 2 dB over 5.20–8.55 μm, and the minimum loss of the fiber is 0.57 dB/m at 6.2 μm. Moreover, a flat mid-infrared supercontinuum spectrum spanning from 1.53 to 12.50 μm is generated by pumping an 18-cm-long PM fiber for the first time.     

热扰动冲击下的高温超导电缆失超恢复特性

高温超导(HTS)电缆在运行过程中,不可避免会遇到热扰动冲击,当热扰动能量足够大时会引起高温超导电缆的局部失超,并沿着电缆轴向传播.该文通过建立等效电路模型和一维传热模型,实现电场和温度场的耦合求解,得到高温超导电缆在热扰动冲击下的失超恢复特性,并考虑热流脉冲和液氮流速对电缆失超恢复过程的影响.结果表明:当热扰动能量低于临界恢复能量时,高温超导电缆在液氮冷却下逐渐恢复至超导态;否则,电缆的失超段将沿着轴向传播,导致电缆整体失超.随着努塞尔数的增大,临界恢复能量呈指数增大.电缆恢复时间与液氮流速呈幂律关系.该文计算结果对高温超导电缆的正常运行具有指导意义.     

基于IGBT行为模型的有源中点钳位五电平变换器损耗特性分析

有源中点钳位五电平拓扑(5L-ANPC)通常用于中压大容量电能变换领域,同时由于其拓扑结构复杂和各器件有效开关频率不同,使得损耗分析较为困难,并且对计算精度要求较高.该文分析基于载波移相脉宽调制(PS-PWM)的损耗计算方法,根据电压电流关系,详细分析所有器件的导通规律,推导导通损耗计算方法.针对传统的开关损耗计算方法在中压大容量条件下误差较大的问题,详细分析IGBT的开关瞬态过程,提出一种基于行为模型的开关暂态损耗计算方法,并将其运用于5L-ANPC拓扑开关损耗分析.对5L-ANPC拓扑损耗特性进行分析,为散热系统设计奠定了坚实的基础.实验结果表明,该文所提方法提高了损耗计算精度,最大误差为10.4％,最小误差为8.4％,验证了所提损耗计算方法的有效性.     

在工业中采用钛合金的微弧氧化

采用硬度测试，金相显微观察和透射电镜分析等方法，研究了微量稀土Er对高纯铝再结晶行为的影响，结果表明，弥散分布的细小Al3Er质点对位错和亚晶界具有钉扎作用，可以有效抑制再结晶，将高纯铝的再结晶温度提高50左右，同时还能显著细化再结晶晶粒，再结晶形核机制是亚晶聚合和亚昌长大双重机制。     

Bi-2223/Ag超导带材前驱粉与热处理的匹配问题

研究了Bi-2223／Ag高温超导带材的前驱粉与后续热处理工艺之间的匹配问题。实验采用A，B，C3种不同的前驱粉。A粉是成分配比为2223的喷雾热分解单粉，B粉和C粉都是2212加CaCuO，组分的2223双粉。B粉和C粉的区别在于，2212加CaCuO，混合后的除碳处理工艺不同。B粉为800℃，3h，C粉为830℃，10h。利用激光粒度分析仪（RSA）和扫描电镜（SEM）对这3种前驱粉的粒度进行了表征，并用X射线衍射仪（XRD）对用这3种粉分别制成的带材经第1次热处理（HT1）后的2223成相率和相结构进行分析，从而找出它们各自对应的最佳HT1工艺。采用四引线法在77K，0T下测试经中间轧制和第2次热处理（HT2）后的临界电流（五），以确定其对应之最佳HT2工艺。RSA和SEM分析表明：A粉颗粒度明显细小，平均中径粒度为1．5μm，且粒径分布区域集中，B粉约3μm，粒径分布较分散，而C粉为4-5μm。研究结果证明：前驱粉的特性直接影响着超导带材的最终超导性能。一种特定的前驱粉，对应着一种特定的最佳HT1和HT2工艺。只有在二者匹配良好前提下，才能使前驱粉的性能得以发掘。     

烷基磺酸钠型砂的质量控制

介绍了控制烷基磺酸钠型砂的混砂工艺、配制要点及保存使用等控制要点，并就实际生产中可能出现的一些问题作了探讨，提出了解决的办法。     

Magnesium technology 2002, part I: Primary production,environmental issues,high-temperature alloys

Conclusion It is expected that the research in high-temperature alloy development will reach a critical mass in about five years. This will not only raise the materials science of magnesium to a higher level but will also increase the confidence of the industry in magnesium as a structural performance material. Currently, applications are being actively pursued in United States Council for Automotive Research power train programs and European Council for Automotive R&D engine block programs to develop the technology for elevated-temperature magnesium. More research is still needed in this interesting materials field.     

Atomic force microscopy study of biaxially oriented polypropylene films

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) uses a very sharp pointed mechanical probe to collect real-space morphological information of solid surfaces. AFM was used in this study to image the surface morphology of a biaxially oriented polypropylene film. The polymer film is characterized by a nanometer-scale, fiberlike network structure, which reflects the drawing process used during the fabrication of the film. AFM was used to study polymer-surface treatment to improve wettability by exposing the polymer to ozone with or without ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Surface-morphology changes observed by AFM are the result of the surface oxidation induced by the treatment. Due to the topographic features of the polymer film, the fiberlike structure has been used to check the performance of the AFM tip. An AFM image is a mixture of the surface morphology and the shape of the AFM tip. Therefore, it is important to check the performance of a tip to ensure that the AFM image collected reflects the true surface features of the sample, rather than contamination on the AFM tip.