散记（11）

春节后,有几节设计理论课。长时间磨设计,新鲜一回,调剂调剂。学生们大概认为跟老头儿真没公共语言。我没问。中国学生,问了也不会告诉你。我喜欢小孩儿,愿意跟学生聊天。时间有限,上来就布置作业：选个亲眼见过的建筑作品,观察和观点是自己的,图片是自己拍的,如果引用他人成果要详细注明,按你们学校论文的标准格式,工作量不大,3000字,也不小,因为都得是自己的话。     

A review of the impact of the RingRing study for multifunctional motorway tunnels in the Netherlands and beyond

In the early 1990s, it became clear that tunnelling as Dutch engineers knew was about to change fundamentally. Local governments, pressure groups and individuals had become aware of the added value that underground space technology (tunnelling) could bring, giving rise to the next generation of multifunctional road and rail tunnel projects. This article reports on the outcome of a landmark study that focused on the new opportunities that multifunctional tunnels for motorways offer: RingRing. The RingRing study includes a concise state-of-the-art exploration of path-finding projects, delivers a solid methodology for dealing with the many design decisions during the conceptual phase of the multidisciplinary project, proposes a set of generic concepts that respond to the four key challenges faced by multifunctional tunnels, conducts two showcase design study projects, and provides an overall analysis of the applicability of multifunctional tunnels for integrating orbital motorways in large cities such as Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Eight years after the publication of the RingRing study, the first projects it identified are built. Others projects have not yet made it off the drawing board. This article looks back to assess what has been accomplished and draws lessons learned in order to be able to improve future projects.     

Temporal and spatial trends of perfluorinated compounds in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from Greenland

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related compounds, have been identified as global pollutants and have shown their bioaccumulation into higher trophic levels in the food chain. PFCs have been found in remote areas far from sources, such as the Arctic. In this study spatial and temporal trends in the concentrations of selected PFCs were measured using archived liver samples of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from East and West Greenland. The samples were collected in four different years at each location, between 1986 and 2003 in East Greenland and between 1982 and 2003 in West Greenland. PFOS was the major contributor to the burden of PFCs in samples, followed by perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA). Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were also detected in most samples. Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) were only found sporadically. Perfluorooctanoic acid was not found in detectable concentrations in any sample. Regression analysis of logarithmic transformed PFOS, PFDA, and PFUnA median concentrations indicated a significant temporal trend with increasing concentrations at both locations. A spatial trend in PFOS concentrations (ANOVA, p < 0.0001) was observed between the two sampling locations, with significantly higher concentrations in seals from East Greenland.     

Q235钢和X70管线钢在北美山地灰钙土中的短期腐蚀行为

通过腐蚀失重速率试验、腐蚀形貌特征的扫描电镜观察和X射线衍射分析以及土壤理化性质分析等手段研究了国产Q235钢和X70管线钢在加拿大中南部的山地灰钙土中实地埋样试验一年后的短期腐蚀行为特征.结果发现Q235钢和X70钢的平均腐蚀速率和最大点蚀深度均比较接近,但Q235钢点蚀密度明显高于X70钢;两种钢的腐蚀产物成分类似,均为FeOOH、Fe₃O₄和Fe₂O₃的复杂混合物,腐蚀产物层不致密,存在明显的裂纹;两种钢表层土壤中均发现较多的硫酸盐还原菌、硫化菌和异养菌,这些菌群的共同作用能够加速腐蚀产物层下局部腐蚀的发生.     

基于强化学习的部分线性离散时间系统的最优输出调节

针对同时具有线性外部干扰与非线性不确定性下的离散时间部分线性系统的最优输出调节问题, 提出了仅利用在线数据的基于强化学习的数据驱动控制方法. 首先, 该问题可拆分为一个受约束的静态优化问题和一个动态规划问题, 第一个问题可以解出调节器方程的解. 第二个问题可以确定出控制器的最优反馈增益. 然后, 运用小增益定理证明了存在非线性不确定性离散时间部分线性系统的最优输出调节问题的稳定性. 针对传统的控制方法需要准确的系统模型参数用来解决这两个优化问题, 提出了一种数据驱动离线策略更新算法, 该算法仅使用在线数据找到动态规划问题的解. 然后, 基于动态规划问题的解, 利用在线数据为静态优化问题提供了最优解. 最后, 仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

韩国大田市市中心城市设计

表面看上去不规则形式的摩天楼和蜿蜒曲折的路网,恰恰建立在理性和规则棋盘格规划设计基础之上,只是通过变形产生的视觉效果。作为大田市的发祥地,这片地区如今破败不堪。我们希望通过城市设计手段为它引来大量的人流、能量和工作及商业机会。作为高速铁路和地方交通中心,这也是大田车站应当扮演的角色。