Global rainbow thermometry assessed by Airy and Lorenz-Mie theories and compared with phase Doppler anemometry

Global rainbow thermometry (GRT) measures the mean size and temperature of an ensemble of spray droplets. The domain of validity of the Airy theory for this technique is established through comparison with Lorenz-Mie theory. The temperature derivation from the inflection points of the Airy rainbow pattern appears to be independent of the type of spray dispersion. Measurements in a water spray are reported. The mean diameter obtained from the rainbow pattern lies between the arithmetic and the Sauter mean diameters measured by phase Doppler anemometry. The temperature measurement by GRT is shown to be accurate within a few degrees Celsius.     

Global rainbow thermometry: improvements in the data inversion algorithm and validation technique in liquid-liquid suspension

Improvements on the validation of a nonintrusive laser-based measurement technique are presented. This new technique, called global rainbow thermometry (GRT), is capable of determining the temperature and the size distributions of liquid droplets dispersed in a liquid or gaseous bulk. We propose a new data inversion algorithm that takes into account the whole rainbow pattern. Experimental validation of the GRT technique is performed for a liquid-liquid suspension. We performed the validation by comparing the measurements obtained with the GRT technique for the mean droplet temperature and size with the results obtained with alternative techniques.     

Synthesis and photoelectric properties of intrinsic oxide-Cd<Subscript>1 − <Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Mn<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Te heterostructures

We propose a new technology for the formation of an energy barrier on crystals of Cd_{1 ? x} Mn _x Te solid solutions. Rectifying photosensitive heterostructures of the intrinsic oxide-Cd_{1 ? x} Mn _x Te (x = 0.6?1) type have been obtained for the first time by means of thermal oxidation. Stationary current-voltage characteristics and relative quantum efficiency spectra of these heterostructures have been measured. The energy spectrum and the character of interband transitions in Cd_{1 ? x} Mn _x Te are discussed. It is shown that the thermal oxidation process can be used for the fabrication of heterophotoconverters based on single crystals of dilute magnetic semiconductors of the Cd_{1 ? x} Mn _x Te system.     

Increased Use of Natural Gas in Blast Furnace Ironmaking: Mass and Energy Balance Calculations

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - In blast furnace ironmaking, coke can be partially replaced by injected natural gas. Tuyère injection of cold natural gas is commonly practiced in...     

Open tubular capillary electrochromatography: technique for oxidation and interaction studies on human low-density lipoproteins

A novel, open tubular capillary electrochromatographic method was developed for the in vitro oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. Low-density lipoprotein particles with molar mass of approximately 2.5 MDa yielded a stable stationary phase at temperatures 25 and 37 degrees C and at pH values from 3.2 to 7.4. The quality of the coatings was not influenced by variations in the LDL concentration in the coating solutions (within the range of 2-0.015 mg/mL) with the coating procedure used in the study. Radiolabeled LDL stationary phases and scanning electron microscopy, employed to shed light on the location and coating density of LDL particles on the inner surface of the capillary wall, confirmed the presence of an LDL monolayer and almost 100% coating efficiency (99 +/- 8%). In addition, the radioactivity measurements allowed estimation of the amount of LDL present in a single capillary coating. Capillaries coated with human LDL particles were submitted to different oxidative conditions by changing the concentration of the oxidant (CuSO4), oxidation time, pH value, and temperature. The oxidation procedure was followed with electroosmotic flow mobility, which served as an indicator of the increase in total negative charges of LDL coatings, and by asymmetrical field flow fractionation, which measured the changes in size of the lipoprotein particles. The results indicated that oxidation of LDL was progressing with increasing time, temperature, and concentration of the oxidant as expected. The oxidation process was faster around neutral pH values (pH 6.5-7.4) and inhibited at acidic pH values (pH 5.5 and lower).     

Exploring the Implications of Vitamin B12 Conjugation to Insulin on Insulin Receptor Binding

The dynamic behavior of insulin in solution and its binding geometry with the insulin receptor (IR) have been the focus of experimental and computational studies. We investigated how the structure of an orally deliverable insulin changes in solution after vitamin B₁₂ conjugation and its effect on IR binding capacity. In vitro immunoelectron microscopy confirms conjugate activity, IR binding, and cellular uptake.

     

Rheological and physico-chemical characterization of prebiotic microfiltered fermented milk

Microfiltered cow’s milk samples were fermented with (prebiotic) and without inulin and evaluated regarding the physico-chemical composition (day 1 of storage) and rheological (days 1, 7, 14 and 21) evaluation, at temperatures of 4.0 ± 0.1 °C and 6.0 ± 0.1 °C. The addition of inulin increased the total solids content of the prebiotic fermented milk, increasing its acidity. The Power Law and Mizhari and Berk models were applied successfully to describe the flow of the fermented milks, which had characteristics of shear thinning and non-Newtonian fluid behavior. As with the addition of inulin, the storage time contributed to an increase in the apparent viscosity of the product. The prebiotic fermented milk had greater thixotropy and the hysteresis was lower with an increase in the temperature.