Synthesis of transfer functions by nonsymmetrical lattice networks using lossy coils

A method for realising a v.t.f.by a nonsymmetrical lattice in which all coils can be made lossy is given.     

Microwave Studies on Strontium Ferrite Based Absorbers

Single layer microwave absorbers based on strontium ferrite-epoxy composites have been fabricated and their reflection loss characteristics studied in the X-band (8–12.4 GHz) of microwave frequencies. Permittivity (_r – j_r) and permeability (_r – j_r) of Co and Ti added strontium ferrite SrCo _x Ti _x Fe_{12 – 2x} O₁₉ (x = 0.1 to 0.9 in steps of 0.2), have been measured. Thickness of the absorber is an important criterion influencing the absorption characteristics. Composites of 3 mm thickness are found to absorb over a reasonable range of X-band frequencies. A minimum reflection loss of –36.5 dB is observed for the composite with x = 0.3.     

Modeling of the refractive index and extinction coefficient of binary composite films

Southwell's analysis of optical multilayers within the limits of very thin films has been extended to include absorption in the multilayer for predicting the effective values of the refractive index n(e) and extinction coefficient k(e) of mixed-composition binary homogeneous films over a wide spectral region, including the high-absorption (k > 10(-2)) region. It has been found that n(e) in general is a complicated function of the optical parameters (n(1), k(1), n(2), k(2)) and volume fractions (f(1), f(2)) of the component materials in a homogeneous layer, and the expression for n(e) becomes the same as that predicted by the Drude model in the spectral region where the layers are transparent. Moreover, according to the present analysis, the volume fractions of the product of the refractive index and the extinction coefficient of the component materials of a binary composite film are additive and the sum equals the product of the effective refractive index and extinction coefficient of the composite film.     

Probabilistic neural-network-based protection of power transformer

An optimal probabilistic neural network (PNN) as a core classifier for fault detection and status indication of a power transformer has been presented. In this scheme, various operating conditions of a transformer are distinguished using signatures of the differential currents. The proposed differential protection scheme is implemented through two different structures of PNN, that is, one having one output and the other having five outputs. The developed algorithm is found to be stable against external fault, magnetising inrush, sympathetic inrush and over-excitation conditions for which relay operation is not required. For the test data of fault, it is found to operate successfully. The performance of proposed PNN and classical artificial neural network (ANN) has been compared. For evaluation of the developed algorithm, relaying signals for various operating conditions of a transformer are obtained by modelling the transformer in PSCAD/EMTDC. The algorithms are implemented using MATLAB. The results show the capability of PNN in terms of classification accuracy and speed in comparison to classical ANNs.     

Characterization and photoluminescence studies on hydrothermally synthesized Mn-doped barium titanate nano powders

Manganese doped cubic barium titanate nanocrystals with [Mn/Ti] mole percent varying from 0.1 to 3 were prepared through hydrothermal route at 150 °C. The mean crystallite diameters obtained for different Mn concentrations varied within 26 to 30 nm. TEM of a typical sample showed most of the particles as single crystallites (particle size 15-40 nm) with some weakly agglomerated particles. The photo luminescent (PL) spectra of each sample showed a sharp peak in the blue band centered approximately at 464 nm and a weaker peak in the green band centered nearly at 494 nm. The luminescent efficiency passed through maxima for the sample with 2% [Mn/Ti] molar ratio. Effect of calcination temperature in the range of 200 to 600 °C on PL spectra showed that the intensity of peak corresponding to blue region decreased with the increase in calcination temperature from 200 to 600 °C and for the sample calcined at 600 °C, only a broad peak corresponding to green luminescence region was observed.     

Coverage Modeling and Reliability Analysis Using Multi-state Function

Fault tree analysis is an effective method for predicting the reliability of a system.It gives a pictorial representation and logical framework for analyzing the reliability.Also,it has been used for a long time as an effective method for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the failure modes of critical systems.In this paper,we propose a new general coverage model (GCM) based on hardware independent faults.Using this model,an effective software tool can be constructed to detect,locate and recover fault from the faulty system.This model can be applied to identify the key component that can cause the failure of the system using failure mode effect analysis (FMEA).     

Virus Matryoshka: A Bacteriophage Particle—Guided Molecular Assembly Approach to a Monodisperse Model of the Immature Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Immature human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) is approximately spherical, but is constructed from a hexagonal lattice of the Gag protein. As a hexagonal lattice is necessarily flat, the local symmetry cannot be maintained throughout the structure. This geometrical frustration presumably results in bending stress. In natural particles, the stress is relieved by incorporation of packing defects, but the magnitude of this stress and its significance for the particles is not known. In order to control this stress, we have now assembled the Gag protein on a quasi‐spherical template derived from bacteriophage P22. This template is monodisperse in size and electron‐transparent, enabling the use of cryo‐electron microscopy in structural studies. These templated assemblies are far less polydisperse than any previously described virus‐like particles (and, while constructed according to the same lattice as natural particles, contain almost no packing defects). This system gives us the ability to study the relationship between packing defects, curvature and elastic energy, and thermodynamic stability. As Gag is bound to the P22 template by single‐stranded DNA, treatment of the particles with DNase enabled us to determine the intrinsic radius of curvature of a Gag lattice, unconstrained by DNA or a template. We found that this intrinsic radius is far larger than that of a virion or P22‐templated particle. We conclude that Gag is under elastic strain in a particle; this has important implications for the kinetics of shell growth, the stability of the shell, and the type of defects it will assume as it grows.     

A neuro-fuzzy approach for prediction of longitudinal wave velocity

Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is rapidly gaining popularity in the area of geophysics and geomechanics. This paper discusses the importance of ANFIS to prediction of p-wave velocity and its advantages over other conventional methods of computing. This paper deals with the application of a ANFIS to predict longitudinal wave velocity. P-wave measurement, which is also an indicator of peak particle velocity during blasting in a mine, is an important parameter to be determined to minimize the damage caused by ground vibrations. A number of previous researchers have tried to use different empirical methods to predict p-wave. But these empirical methods have their limitations due to its less versatile application. The fracture propagation is not only influenced by the physico-mechanical parameters of rock but also on the dynamic wave velocity of rock (e.g., compressional wave velocity). It has wide application in the different field of geophysics. An ANFIS model is designed to predict the compressional wave velocity of different rocks. The fracture roughness coefficient and physico-mechanical properties are taken as input parameters and compressional wave velocity as output parameters. The error for the predicted values is found to be negligible (0.5%) and generalization capability of the neuro-fuzzy model is found to be very useful for such type of geophysical problems.