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11.
Hydrate formation rate plays an important role in making hydrates for the storage and transport of natural gas. Micellar surfactant solutions were found to increase gas hydrate formation rate and storage capacity. With the presence of surfactant, hydrate could form quickly in a quiescent system and the energy costs of hydrate formation reduced. Surfactants (an anionic surfactant, a non‐ionic surfactant and their mixtures) and liquid hydrocarbons (cyclopentane and methylcyclohexane) were used to improve hydrate formation. The experiments of hydrate formation were carried out in the pressure range 3.69–6.82 MPa and the temperature range 274.05–277.55 K. The experimental pressures were kept constant during hydrate formation in each experimental run. The effect of anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)) on natural gas storage in hydrates is more pronounced compared to a non‐ionic surfactant (dodecyl polysaccharide glycoside (DPG)). The induction time of hydrate formation was reduced with the presence of cyclopentane (CP). Cyclopentane and methylcyclohexane (MCH) could increase hydrate formation rate, but reduced hydrate storage capacity The higher methylcyclohexane concentration, the lower the hydrate storage capacity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
van Driel W.D. van Gils M.A.J. Xuejun Fan Zhang G.Q. Ernst L.J. 《Components and Packaging Technologies, IEEE Transactions on》2008,31(2):260-268
Exposed pad packages were introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s because of their excellent thermal and electrical performance. Despite these advantages, the exposed pad packages experience a lot of thermo-hygro-mechanical related reliability problems during qualification and testing. Examples are die lift, which occurs predominantly after moisture sensitivity level conditions, and die-attach to leadframe delamination leading to downbond stitch breaks during temperature cycling. In this chapter, nonlinear finite element (FE) models using fracture mechanics based J-integral calculations are used to assess the reliability problems of the exposed pad package family. Using the parametric FE models any geometrical and material effects can be explored to their impact on the occurrence diepad delamination, and dielift. For instance the impact of diepad size is found to be of much less importance as the impact of die thickness is. Using the fracture mechanics approach, the starting location for the delamination from thermo-hygro-mechanical point of view is deducted. The results indicate that when diepad delamination is present, cracks are likely to grow beneath the die and dielift will occur. The interaction between dielift and other failure modes, such as lifted ball bonds, are not found to be very significant. The FE models are combined with simulation-based optimization methods to deduct design guidelines for optimal reliability of the exposed pad family. 相似文献
13.
Fan Zhang To-yat Cheung 《IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence》2003,29(1):1-14
The fault-state detection approach for blackbox testing consists of two phases. The first is to bring the system under test (SUT) from its initial state to a targeted state t and the second is to check various specified properties of the SUT at t. This paper investigates the first phase for testing systems specified as observable nondeterministic finite-state machines with probabilistic and weighted transitions. This phase involves two steps. The first step transfers the SUT to some state t' and the second step identifies whether t' is indeed the targeted state t or not. State transfer is achieved by moving the SUT along one of the paths of a transfer tree (TT) and state identification is realized by using diagnosis trees (DT). A theoretical foundation for the existence and characterization of TT and DT with minimum weighted height or minimum average weight is presented. Algorithms for their computation are proposed. 相似文献
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15.
采用电子表格软件EXCEL5.0可以方便地解决许多选煤生产中的线性规划问题。本文通过选煤过程线性规划实例介绍EXCEL5.0在此领域的应用方法。 相似文献
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17.
Z. -G. Fan Y. -X. Zhuang G. Yang R. Shao G. -F. Zhang 《Journal of Alloys and Compounds》1993,200(1-2):33-36
The oxygen absorption process in highly aligned YBa2Cu3Ox samples in air and in pure oxygen was studied at several constant temperatures. The process can be expressed in two steps, a chemical reaction controlled step and a diffusion controlled step. The kinetic equations are as follows respectively:
(1 − at) ln(1 − at) + at = kDt
The activation energy was calculated using an Arrhenius equation. The technical conditions of heat treatment for oxygen absorption of highly aligned YBa2Cu3Ox crystals are discussed. 相似文献
18.
通过引入归一化脉宽P和相对脉冲展宽因子q,提出了一个适用于IM/DD系统中各种眼图恶化量x和归一化脉宽P的色散限制改进公式。通过与其它理论的比较、计算机仿真和对实验数据的分析,验证了该公式的正确性,并给出了其它结果的限制条件。研究表明:当眼图恶化量x为1dB左右时,对2.5Gb/;外调制信号(α=0)而言,非色散位移光纤IM/DD系统的色散因子γ约等于0.79,所对应的系统再生中继距离约为900余公里。 相似文献
19.
范存养 《制冷与空调(北京)》2002,2(1):16-20
本文所介绍的新型空调系统是一种想法很巧妙的节能空调系统。它由单元式水热源热泵机组(UnitaryWaterSourceHeatPump)与风机盘管二者组合而成的末端装置和空气热源热泵冷 /热水机组、蓄热槽等构成。本系统由高砂热学公司开发 ,已完成这方面的实验验证 ,并在东京电力公司的暖通空调技术展示中心展出。经过进一步的技术完善以后 ,可以成为一种有竞争力的空调系统。1 单元式水热源热泵机组 (UWSHP)的原理单元式水热源热泵是一种房间空调器。可做成窗台下立式和吊顶式 (图 1 )等。它是一种整体型机组 ,制冷机在… 相似文献
20.