Geometrical Localization Algorithm for Three Dimensional Wireless Sensor Networks

The issue of localization has been addressed in many research areas such as vehicle navigation systems, virtual reality systems, user localization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we have proposed an efficient range-free localization algorithm: Geometrical Localization Algorithm (GLA) for large scale three dimensional WSNs. GLA uses moving anchors to localize static sensors. GLA consists of beacon message selection, circular cross section selection. Three beacon messages are used to compute the center of circular cross section using vector method and perpendicular bisector method. The static sensors are localized with help of the center of circular cross section and geometrical rules for sphere. GLA is simulated in SINALGO software and results have been compared with existing methods namely chord selection and point localization. GLA outperforms both the compared methods in terms of average localization time and beacon overhead.     

3D analytical modeling of surface potential,threshold voltage,and subthreshold swing in dual-material-gate (DMG) SOI FinFETs

Here, we develop a 3D analytical model for potential in a lightly doped dual-material-gate FinFET in the subthreshold region. The model is based on the perimeter-weighted sum of a dual-material double-gate (DMDG) asymmetric MOSFET and a DMDG symmetric MOSFET. The potential model is used to determine the minimum surface potential needed to obtain the threshold voltage \((V_{\mathrm{T}})\) and subthreshold swing (SS) by considering the source barrier changes in the leakiest channel path. The proposed model is capable of reducing the drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) as well as the hot carrier effects offered by this device. The impact of control gate ratio and work function difference between the two metal gates on \(V_{\mathrm{T}}\) and SS are also correctly established by the model. All model derivations are validated by comparing the results with technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation data.     

A middleware approach for reliable resource selection on Internet‐of‐Things

Decision making plays a vital role in the selection of resources so that they actively participate for communication and computation on the Internet‐of‐Things platform. For the same, they require the elimination of the challenges related to knowledge representation, discovery, trust, and security due to continuously changing mobility patterns, heterogeneity, interoperability, and scalability on the network. To address the challenges, a novel three‐layered approach, namely, middleware approach for reliable resource selection on Internet‐of‐Things (MARRS‐IoT), is proposed. It performs a search through neighbor discovery algorithm and evaluates trust score of the discovered resources, both locally and globally using fuzzy‐decision algorithm and performs efficient communication among resources via hybrid M‐gear protocol. The approach is simulated and compared against algorithms, namely, particle swarm optimization, ants colony optimization, and binary genetic to evaluate its performance. The obtained results support the efficacy of the MARRS‐IoT with respect to throughput and execution time.     

Design and Development of Thermistor based Power Meter at 140 GHz Frequency Band

Design and development of thermistor based power meter at 140 gigahertz (GHz) frequency band have been presented. Power meter comprises power sensor, amplifier circuit and dialog based graphical user interface in visual C++ for the average power measurement. The output power level of a component or system is very critical design factor. Thus there was a need of a power meter for the development of millimeter wave components at 140 GHz frequency band. Power sensor has been designed and developed using NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) thermistors. The design aims at developing a direct, simple and inexpensive power meter that can be used to measure absolute power at 140 GHz frequency band. Due to absorption of 140 GHz frequencies, resistance of thermistor changes to a new value. This change in resistance of thermistor can be converted to a dc voltage change and amplified voltage change can be fed to computer through data acquisition card. Dialog based graphical user interface (GUI) has been developed in visual C++ language for average power measurement in dBm. WR6 standard rectangular waveguide is the input port for the sensor of power meter. Temperature compensation has been achieved. Moderate sensor return loss greater than 20 dB has been found over the frequency range 110 to 170 GHz. The response time of the power sensor is 10 second. Average power accuracy is better than ±0.25 dB within the power range from −10 to 10 dBm at 140 GHz frequency band.     

A 8–12 GHz, 44.3 dBm RF output class FF−1 DPA using quad-mode coupled technique for new configurable front-end 5G transmitters

Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing - This paper presents a high-efficiency Class $${mathrm{FF}}^{-1}$$ DPA using the quad-mode coupled technique for new configurable front-end 5G...     

Fusion of artificial intelligence and game theory for resource allocation in non-orthogonal multiple access-assisted device-to-device cooperative communication

Device-to-device (D2D) communication offers a low-cost paradigm where two devices in close proximity can communicate without needing a base station (BS). It significantly improves radio resource allocation, channel gain, communication latency, and energy efficiency and offers cooperative communication to enhance the weak user's network coverage. The cellular mobile users (CMUs) share the spectral resources (e.g., power, channel, and spectrum) with D2D mobile users (DMUs), improving spectral efficiency. However, the reuse of radio resources causes various interferences, such as intercell and intracell interference, that degrade the performance of overall D2D communication. To overcome the aforementioned issues, this paper presents a fusion of AI and coalition game for secure resource allocation in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based cooperative D2D communication. Here, NOMA uses the successive interference cancellation (SIC) technique to reduce the severe impact of interference from the D2D systems. Further, we utilized a coalition game theoretic model that efficiently and securely allocates the resources between CMUs and DMUs. However, in the coalition game, all DMUs participate in obtaining resources from CMUs, which increases the computational overhead of the overall system. For that, we employ artificial intelligence (AI) classifiers that bifurcate the DMUs based on their channel quality parameters, such as reference signal received power (RSRP), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and channel quality indicator (CQI). It only forwards the DMUs that have better channel quality parameters into the coalition game, thus reducing the computational overhead of the overall D2D communication. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using various statistical metrics, for example, precision score, accuracy, recall, F1 score, overall sum rate, and secrecy capacity, where an accuracy of 99.38% is achieved while selecting DMUs for D2D communication.     

Materials‐Scale Implications of Solvent and Temperature on [6,6]‐Phenyl‐C61‐butyric Acid Methyl Ester (PCBM): A Theoretical Perspective

The ability to detail how molecules pack in the bulk and at the various materials interfaces in the active layer of an organic solar cell is important to further understanding overall device performance. Here, [6,6]‐phenyl‐C₆₁‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), a preferred electron‐acceptor material in organic solar cells, is studied through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations; the goal is to examine the effects of temperature and trace solvents on the packing and morphological features of bulk PCBM. Solubility (miscibility) parameters, melting and order‐disorder transitions, surface energies, and orientational distributions as a function of different starting configurations are discussed. On the basis of the derived morphologies, electronic structure calculations and a kinetic Monte Carlo approach are combined to evaluate the parameters impacting electron mobility in crystalline and amorphous PCBM structures.     

Admission control for cellular networks with direct QoS monitoring

This paper proposes an admission control algorithm for cellular networks based on the direct and dynamic monitoring of quality of services (QoS) performance metrics—both system delay tail and residual throughput. The main purpose of directly monitoring these QoS performance metrics is to more precisely meet the QoS requirements. The delay tail is efficiently estimated by the proposed algorithm and the total residual throughput is determined based on the total achieved throughput and total required throughput. With the estimated delay tails and measured residual throughput, the admission or rejection of a new user is determined at each base station. By doing so, the admission control algorithm improves resource utilization by guaranteeing the QoS. Additionally, the cellular system becomes more robust against the time-varying fading channel environment. The simulation results of the long term evolution downlink system show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a significant improvement in results compared to those of reference schemes. A general Neyman–Pearson-like framework is also used in evaluating the various admission control mechanisms.     

Compact Planar Monopole Antenna with Dual Band Notched Characteristics Using T-Shaped Stub and Rectangular Mushroom Type Electromagnetic Band Gap Structure for UWB and Bluetooth Applications

In this paper, an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with dual band-notched characteristics is proposed. The proposed antenna also covers ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical)/Bluetooth band. The antenna consists of a microstrip fed truncated U-shaped patch, T-shaped stub, rectangular mushroom type electromagnetic band gap structures (EBG), and partial ground plane. To mitigate the problem of interference due to standard narrow bands (like wireless interoperability microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless local area network (WLAN)) lie in the range of UWB, dual band notched characteristics is introduced. The WiMAX and WLAN band notched characteristics are realized by introducing a T-shaped stub and rectangular mushroom type EBG structures, respectively. The proposed antenna is printed on a 1.6 mm thick FR4 substrate with relative permittivity \((\upvarepsilon _{\mathrm{r}})\) 4.4 and the size of actual antenna is \(36 \times 40\hbox { mm}^{2}\) . The measured results shows that the proposed antenna attains a wide impedance bandwidth \((\hbox {VSWR} \le 2)\) from 2.35 to 11.6 GHz with dual band notched characteristics from 3.29 to 3.9 GHz and 5.1 to 5.85 GHz with stable radiation patterns. The time domain behaviors of the proposed antenna is also analyzed for pulse handling capability.     

A Mathematical Model for Energy Efficient Secured CH Clustering Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Personal Communications - Mobile Wireless sensor network encloses several minute sensors with miniature energy transceiver for collecting information in a diverse atmosphere. Network with...