Corpus-based vocabulary lists for language learners for nine languages

We present the KELLY project and its work on developing monolingual and bilingual word lists for language learning, using corpus methods, for nine languages and thirty-six language pairs. We describe the method and discuss the many challenges encountered. We have loaded the data into an online database to make it accessible for anyone to explore and we present our own first explorations of it. The focus of the paper is thus twofold, covering pedagogical and methodological aspects of the lists’ construction, and linguistic aspects of the by-product of the project, the KELLY database.     

Fabrication process of carbon nanotube/light metal matrix composites by squeeze casting

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) should be attractive for the reinforcement of metal-matrix composites, because of their high strength, high modulus and high thermal conductivity. However, the fiber diameter of MWCNTs is hundreds of times smaller than that of carbon fiber. This causes difficulty in infiltration into the MWCNT preform. Moreover, the threshold pressure which was applied to the preform will cause preform deformation. Therefore, knowledge of preform compressive properties which are the buckling strength and elastic modulus are necessary to fabricate the composites. In this study, at first, wettability of the basal plane of graphite by molten aluminum or magnesium was measured using the sessile drop method. Moreover, trial fabrication of MWCNT-reinforced aluminum or magnesium alloy composites was carried out by squeeze casting. As a result, these composites were fully infiltrated. An order-of-magnitude agreement was found between the estimated threshold pressure and the applied infiltration pressure to the MWCNT preform.     

Tailoring Structure,Composition, and Energy Storage Properties of MXenes from Selective Etching of In‐Plane,Chemically Ordered MAX Phases

The exploration of 2D solids is one of our time's generators of materials discoveries. A recent addition to the 2D world is MXenes that possses a rich chemistry due to the large parent family of MAX phases. Recently, a new type of atomic laminated phases (coined i‐MAX) is reported, in which two different transition metal atoms are ordered in the basal planes. Herein, these i‐MAX phases are used in a new route for tailoriong the MXene structure and composition. By employing different etching protocols to the parent i‐MAX phase (Mo_2/3Y_1/3)₂AlC, the resulting MXene can be either: i) (Mo_2/3Y_1/3)₂C with in‐plane elemental order through selective removal of Al atoms or ii) Mo_1.33C with ordered vacancies through selective removal of both Al and Y atoms. When (Mo_2/3Y_1/3)₂C (ideal stoichiometry) is used as an electrode in a supercapacitor—with KOH electrolyte—a volumetric capacitance exceeding 1500 F cm^?3 is obtained, which is 40% higher than that of its Mo_1.33C counterpart. With H₂SO₄, the trend is reversed, with the latter exhibiting the higher capacitance (≈1200 F cm^?3). This additional ability for structural tailoring will indubitably prove to be a powerful tool in property‐tailoring of 2D materials, as exemplified here for supercapacitors.     

Finite element method approach to forging process design

Forging processes in the past have primarily been developed based on empirical relationships or trial and error. The finite element approach to forging process development and design has been found to be practically feasible and economical. The rigid-viscoplastic finite element method (FEM) code “ALPID” developed by Battelle Columbus Laboratories, has been successfully utilized to simulate metal forming processes. In the following paper, the application of finite element simulation to study deformation mechanics in the forging of gear blanks and axle shafts is discussed. An underfill problem on the gear blank was overcome and tool life was improved on the axle shaft hot heading process.     

Exploration of Sulfur‐Containing Analogues for Imaging Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter in the Brain

Sixteen new sulfur‐containing compounds targeting the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) were synthesized and assessed for in vitro binding affinities. Enantiomers (?)‐(1‐(3‐hydroxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalen‐2‐yl)piperidin‐4‐yl)(4‐(methylthio)phenyl)methanone [(?)‐ 8 ] and (?)‐(4‐((2‐fluoroethyl)thio)phenyl)(1‐(3‐hydroxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaph‐thalen‐2‐yl)piperidin‐4‐yl)methanone [(?)‐ 14 a ] displayed high binding affinities, with respective K_i values of 1.4 and 2.2 nm for human VAChT, moderate and high selectivity for human VAChT over σ₁ (≈13‐fold) and σ₂ receptors (>420‐fold). Radiosyntheses of (?)‐[¹¹C] 8 and (?)‐[¹⁸F] 14 a were achieved using conventional methods. Ex vivo autoradiography and biodistribution studies in Sprague–Dawley rats indicated that both radiotracers have the capacity to penetrate the blood–brain barrier, with high initial brain uptake at 5 min and rapid washout. The striatal region had the highest accumulation for both radiotracers. Pretreating the rats with the VAChT ligand (?)‐vesamicol decreased brain uptake for both radiotracers. Pretreating the rats with the σ₁ ligand YUN‐122 (N‐(4‐benzylcyclohexyl)‐2‐(2‐fluorophenyl)acetamide) also decreased brain uptake, suggesting these two radiotracers also bind to the σ₁ receptor in vivo. The microPET study of (?)‐[¹¹C] 8 in the brain of a non‐human primate showed high striatal accumulation that peaked quickly and washed out rapidly. Although preliminary results indicated these two sulfur‐containing radiotracers have high binding affinities for VAChT with rapid washout kinetics from the striatum, their σ₁ receptor binding properties limit their potential as radiotracers for quantifying VAChT in vivo.     

Transformation of Polishing Grooves into Ridges on the Worn Surface of Alumina

Wear experiments were conducted on self-mated alumina, in a pin on disk configuration. Worn surfaces contained pits in the size and shape of grains with a depth that varied up to 150 nm. Original polishing grooves present before the wear test and the wear grooves generated during sliding on the surface bulged and transformed into ridges within some of the pits. The height of the bulge was about 100 nm within a pit 126 nm deep. Pits also contained bulged spots and short parallel ridges.     

Profiling work motivation of project workers

The purpose of this study is to understand the constructs of work motivation in project-based organizations. We first juxtapose work motivation in traditional and project-based organizations to put forward an operational definition of work motivation for our study. We then present the research methodology where we profile work motivation as perceived by project workers using principal component analysis. We obtain a five factor structure of work motivation. Finally, we discuss these results by putting them within the project management perspective and suggest managerial implications.