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41.
We present The Chinese Room , a visualization interface that allows users to explore and interact with a multitude of linguistic resources in order to decode and correct poor machine translations. The target users of The Chinese Room are not bilingual and are not familiar with machine translation technologies. We investigate the ability of our system to assist such users in decoding and correcting faulty machine translations. We found that by collaborating with our application, end-users can overcome many difficult translation errors and disambiguate translated passages that were otherwise baffling. We also examine the utility of our system to machine translation researchers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that The Chinese Room can help such researchers develop better machine translation systems. 相似文献
42.
An enduring mystery in biology is how a physical entity simple enough to have arisen spontaneously could have evolved into
the complex life seen on Earth today. Cairns-Smith has proposed that life might have originated in clays which stored genomes
consisting of an arrangement of crystal monomers that was replicated during growth. While a clay genome is simple enough to
have conceivably arisen spontaneously, it is not obvious how it might have produced more complex forms as a result of evolution.
Here, we examine this possibility in the tile assembly model, a generalized model of crystal growth that has been used to
study the self-assembly of DNA tiles. We describe hypothetical crystals for which evolution of complex crystal sequences is
driven by the scarceness of resources required for growth. We show how, under certain circumstances, crystal growth that performs
computation can predict which resources are abundant. In such cases, crystals executing programs that make these predictions
most accurately will grow fastest. Since crystals can perform universal computation, the complexity of computation that can
be used to optimize growth is unbounded. To the extent that lessons derived from the tile assembly model might be applicable
to mineral crystals, our results suggest that resource scarcity could conceivably have provided the evolutionary pressures
necessary to produce complex clay genomes that sense and respond to changes in their environment.
相似文献
Erik Winfree (Corresponding author)Email: |
43.
This paper explores the increasing trend towards the commodification of public research and development (R&D) and the impact
of this on social wellbeing. In many developed countries, the changes introduced by governments to funding mechanisms for
universities and public research institutions has led to a fundamental shift in the focus of public R&D. The focus has shifted
from creating useful public, codifiable knowledge to creating a knowledge commodity driven by commercial imperatives. Although
there may be an economic argument to be made for the virtues of such change, we argue here that the potential costs to social
wellbeing have been largely, and dangerously, ignored.
相似文献
Rebecca BodenEmail: |
44.
Golden-Kreutz Deanna M.; Thornton Lisa M.; Wells-Di Gregorio Sharla; Frierson Georita M.; Jim Heather S.; Carpenter Kristen M.; Shelby Rebecca A.; Andersen Barbara L. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2005,24(3):288
The authors investigated the relationship between stress at initial cancer diagnosis and treatment and subsequent quality of life (QoL). Women (n = 112) randomized to the assessment-only arm of a clinical trial were initially assessed after breast cancer diagnosis and surgery and then reassessed at 4 months (during adjuvant treatment) and 12 months (postadjuvant treatment). There were 3 types of stress measured: number of stressful life events (K. A. Matthews et al., 1997), cancer-related traumatic stress symptoms (M. J. Horowitz, N. Wilner, & W. Alvarez, 1979), and perceived global stress (S. Cohen, T. Kamarck, & R. Mermelstein, 1983). Using hierarchical multiple regressions, the authors found that stress predicted both psychological and physical QoL (J. E. Ware, K. K. Snow, & M. Kosinski, 2000) at the follow-ups (all ps 相似文献
45.
Riggle Ellen D. B.; Rostosky Sharon S.; Prather Robert A.; Hamrin Rebecca 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2005,11(1):138
Sexual minority individuals (specifically bisexual, gay, lesbian and transgendered [BGLT]) have identities and relationships that are socially stigmatized and legally unrecognized. An online survey of 398 BGLT individuals was conducted concerning their execution of 5 legal planning documents: a will, powers of attorney for finances and health care, a living will, and hospital visitation authorization. We found support for the hypothesis that BGLT individuals who are in committed relationships, have disclosed their sexual orientation to immediate family, and have more income are more likely to have executed some or all of these documents. The authors discuss implications for BGLT individuals and same-sex couples, the need for policy changes and therapeutic intervention, and future directions for research in this area. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
46.
By
we shall denote the set of polynomials nonzero on the closed disk {z: |z|r}. The problem to be studied is given as follows.Avoidance Problem. Given polynomials A and B, nonnegative integers n, m, and positive numbers r1, r2, r3, determine if there exist
,
with degrees n and m, respectively, such that AP+BQ is in
.It is shown that the Avoidance Problem for r1=r2=r3=1 is equivalent to the well-known Bistable Stabilization Problem for a large class of control systems.Also, a general class of optimization problems for solving the Avoidance Problem is introduced. The class of optimization problems includes problems with sets more general than disks
. In addition, an algorithm is proposed for solving these optimization problems, and numerical experience is reported.As an application, bistable controllers for the plant
are shown to exist for values of β as low as 0.0246, thus improving on previously reported results by Blondel et al. for this difficult case.Furthermore, it is shown how in some cases it is possible to find optimal controllers by using a combination of numerical and algebraic techniques, and a variant of the algorithm already introduced. As an example, a low order controller is found for
for the case when
.This method could be applied to other problems where the plant depends on a parameter. 相似文献
47.
This study used cluster analysis to identify three patterns of sexual health risk behaviors in a sample of adult rape survivors (N=102). Women in the 1st cluster (high risk) reported substantial increases from pre- to postrape in their frequency of sexual activity, number of sexual partners, infrequency of condom use, and frequency of using alcohol and/or drugs during sex. The 2nd cluster (moderate risk) reported increases in frequency of sexual activity and number of partners but mitigated that risk with increased condom use. Survivors in the 3rd cluster (low risk) indicated that their sexual health behaviors had become much less risky postrape. An ecological model predicting cluster membership revealed that individual-level and contextual factors predict patterns of risk behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
48.
McKay James R.; Lynch Kevin G.; Shepard Donald S.; Ratichek Sara; Morrison Rebecca; Koppenhaver Janelle; Pettinati Helen M. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2004,72(6):967
This study of continuing care for substance dependent patients compared a telephone-based monitoring and brief counseling intervention (TEL) with 2 face-to-face interventions, relapse prevention (RP) and standard 12-step group counseling (STND). The participants were graduates of intensive outpatient programs who had current dependence on alcohol and/or cocaine. Self-report, collateral, and biological measures of alcohol and cocaine use were obtained over a 12-month follow-up. The treatment groups did not differ on abstinence-related outcomes in the complete sample (N = 359) or on cocaine use outcomes in participants with cocaine dependence (n = 268). However, in participants with alcohol dependence only (n = 91), TEL produced better alcohol use outcomes than STND on all measures examined and better outcomes than RP on some of the measures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
49.
50.