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31.
MULTI-PROJECT SCHEDULING WITH EXPLICIT LATENESS COSTS 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
We propose a heuristic procedure for planning and scheduling multiple projects subject to limited resource availabilities. We depart from previous research in that explicit lateness costs for each project are considered. Our procedure involves aggregate analysis using linear programming to determine target resource loading profiles for each project that optimize trade-offs of lateness costs among projects, followed by detailed multi-project scheduling consistent with the target profiles. Target profiles and detailed schedules are iteratively modified through N iterations, where N is the number of projects. The procedure can be used to jointly schedule previously committed and newly proposed projects, as well as to assign due dates to proposed projects. We compare the performance of our procedure to that of the traditional minimum slack heuristic, as well to a simple extension of the minimum slack rule that accounts for lateness costs. On a set of 60 multi-project test problems adapted from the Patterson set of single-project problems, results are very favorable for our proposed algorithm. 相似文献
32.
Calum MacNeil Jaimie T A Dick Ewan Bigsby Robert W Elwood W Ian Montgomery Chris N Gibbins David W Kelly 《Water research》2002,36(1):75-84
In freshwaters. Gammarus spp. are more sensitive to organic pollution than Asellus spp. and the relative abundance of the two taxa has been proposed as a pollution index. We tested the validity of this by examining the relationship between the Gammarus: Asellus (G : A) ratio and (1) a suite of physico-chemical variables. (2) established biotic (average score per taxon, ASPT) and richness (species richness (S) and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera families richness (EPT family richness)) indices generated from the macroinvertebrate community. In addition, we investigated a suspected biotic interaction, predation, between Gammarus and Asellus. Both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the G: A ratio was sometimes responsive to changes in parameters linked to organic pollution, such as BOD5 and nitrate levels. However, the G : A ratio also appeared responsive to variables not directly linked to organic pollution, such as conductivity and distance from source. There were significant positive correlations among the G : A ratio and the ASPT, S and EPT, indicating that changes in the relative abundances of Gammarus and Asellus were reflected in changes in the pollution sensitivity and richness of the wider macroinvertebrate community. A laboratory experiment revealed significant predation of Asellus aquaticus juveniles by Gammarus duebeni celticus adults, but no reciprocal predation. We propose that the G: A ratio may be useful as a crude measure of organic pollution that could supplement more complex indices in a multimetric approach to pollution monitoring or be used for monitoring individual sites, where a simple technique is required for monitoring purposes over a period of time. Also, we urge recognition of the possible role of biotic interactions among taxa used in the generation of pollution indices. 相似文献
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Pure cardiolipins (1,3-diphosphatidylglycerol) were prepared from mitochondria of heart, liver and kidney from 21-day-old
male Wistar rats and submitted toNaja naja venom phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) action. Incubation conditions were controlled carefully, and a complete hydrolysis of cardiolipin to lysocardiolipin
{di [1 (1″) acylsn-glycero-3-phosphoryl] 1′, 3′-sn-glycerol} and fatty acids from positions 2 (2″) was obtained in less than two hr practically without side reactions. Cardiolipins
from the three organs contained low levels of saturated fatty acids; stearic acid accounted for 0.4–0.7% and palmitic acid
for 1.4–3.5% of total fatty acids. These percentages apparently depended on the organ. In all three cases, linoleic acid was
the major component, but its percentage varied from 62–78% of total fatty acids. Acyl chains linked to positions 1 (1″) of
all three cardiolipin preparations exhibited a similar pattern; they were composed of linoleic acid for 85–89%. This fatty
acid also was the main component esterified at position 2 (2″), but its percentage was much more variable: from 39.8% in heart
to 51.2% in kidney and 67.8% in liver mitochondria. The remaining acids comprised octadecenoic and polyunsaturated fatty acids
with more than 18 carbon atoms in different proportions. As opposed to other phospholipids,cis-vaccenic acid, and not oleic acid, was the main octadecenoic acid present in cardiolipins.
Octadecenoic acids were nine- to 10-fold more concentrated at positions 2 (2″) than at positions 1 (1″). The percentage ofcis-vaccenic acid was four- to five-fold higher than that of oleic acid at positions 2 (2″), whereas oleic acid dominated at
positions 1 (1″). From results presented in this study and selected literature data, it may be concluded that fatty acids
are asymmetrically distributed in cardiolipins of different origins, with linoleic acid showing a definite preference for
position 1 (1″). 相似文献
35.
Joseph A Wehrmeyer Zhongxian ChengDavid M Mosbacher Robert W PitzRobin Osborne 《Combustion and Flame》2002,128(3):232-241
Several opposed jet flames, produced by a lean H2-air jet opposing a rich or lean C3H8-air jet, are investigated. Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy is used for major species concentration and temperature measurements along the opposed jet centerline. The hot products of the H2-air flame simulate the burnt gases of strong-burning near-stoichiometric reactants as they impinge upon a weak-burning lean or rich hydrocarbon-fueled reactant mix, a situation encountered in stratified charge operation of direct injection spark ignition engines. In addition the H2-air flame hot products facilitate experimental data interpretation through the absence of carbon-bearing species. Good agreement between numerical and experimental data are obtained for a rich (equivalence ratio, φ = 1.25) C3H8-air jet versus a lean (φ = 0.4) H2-air jet. Two lean C3H8-air jets (φ = 0.64 or 0.60), versus the φ = 0.4 H2-air jet, are also investigated. For both of these flames, the amount of CO2 production strongly depends upon φ, with the φ = 0.64 flame having a peak CO2 mole fraction an order of magnitude higher than for the φ = 0.60 flame, and the C3H8 flames burning either as a normal flame (high CO2) or as a “negative flame speed” flame producing little CO2 and then only through diffusion of C3H8 into the hot products jet. The numerically predicted and experimental CO2 profiles agree well for the positive flame speed flame, but the large discrepancy between predicted and measured peak CO2 in the negative flame speed flame suggests modeling improvements are needed for this type of flame. 相似文献
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38.
Stolorow Robert D.; Atwood George E.; Orange Donna M. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2006,23(1):184
In omitting crucial words and sentencees, neglecting relevant citations, and overlooking important distinctions, Jon Mills' (see record 2005-04819-001) critique of relational psychoanalysis significantly misrepresents the authors' viewpoint. This viewpoint seeks to contextualize, but not to nullify, individual worlds of experience and their limiting horizons. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
39.
Two lignite samples, Beulah No. 3 and Big Brown No. 1, were liquefied at 420 °C using H2 and synthesis gas to determine the optimum beneficial amount of H2S in the batch autoclave reactor. Under the conditions employed, 50–100 psi partial pressure of H2S, nominally 4–10 wt% of daf lignite, was optimum for both samples. Synthesis gas outperformed H2 with and without H2S for the liquefaction of the two coals. 相似文献
40.
Lewis V. McCarty Richard Donelson Robert f. Hehemann 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1991,22(1):969-974
A mathematical model describes the carburization kinetics of tungsten powders mixed with carbon and heated in hydrogen. It
is based on diffusion of carbon through a shell of WC growing into particles which are modeled as spheres. The activation
energy is 58 kcal/mole in the temperature range 1056 to 1833 °C. Hydrogen gas is important to transport carbon as methane
or acetylene, but increased hydrogen pressure increases the rate of carburization so little that an adsorbed species such
as CH probably controls the carbon concentration at the particle surface.
Formerly with the Lamp Metals Laboratory, deceased, was Professor of Metallurgy at Case Western Reserve University Cleveland
OH. 相似文献