Macrophages Modulate the Function of MSC- and iPSC-Derived Fibroblasts in the Presence of Polyethylene Particles

Fibroblasts in the synovial membrane secrete molecules essential to forming the extracellular matrix (ECM) and supporting joint homeostasis. While evidence suggests that fibroblasts contribute to the response to joint injury, the outcomes appear to be patient-specific and dependent on interactions between resident immune cells, particularly macrophages (Mφs). On the other hand, the response of Mφs to injury depends on their functional phenotype. The goal of these studies was to further explore these issues in an in vitro 3D microtissue model that simulates a pathophysiological disease-specific microenvironment. Two sources of fibroblasts were used to assess patient-specific influences: mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)- and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived fibroblasts. These were co-cultured with either M1 or M2 Mφs, and the cultures were challenged with polyethylene particles coated with lipopolysaccharide (cPE) to model wear debris generated from total joint arthroplasties. Our results indicated that the fibroblast response to cPE was dependent on the source of the fibroblasts and the presence of M1 or M2 Mφs: the fibroblast response as measured by gene expression changes was amplified by the presence of M2 Mφs. These results demonstrate that the immune system modulates the function of fibroblasts; furthermore, different sources of differentiated fibroblasts may lead to divergent results. Overall, our research suggests that M2 Mφs may be a critical target for the clinical treatment of cPE induced fibrosis.     

加德满都 独木之城与光明之都的同在

地理上的接壤造成了文化上的共生.文明在历史真实事件与神话传说的虚实相间中,呈现出一种水乳交融般的流动状态.我们现在只能凭借这样的一些介乎真实与传说之间的传奇的名字来揣测当年.     

梦幻色彩随意换

黑白视频片段变成彩色效果，可以强化视觉冲击力，这种特效被经常运用于一些电视剧的片头或片尾中。有的是采用淡入效果；有的是采用颜色层次变幻效果；还有的则是随意镜头从左至右（或从上到下）的移动，让黑白效果的画面随意镜头推动逐渐变为彩色，其实这些特效的制作方法都比较简单，下面就给大家提供几种制作思路。     

片头也玩小资情调——巧做《2046》片头字幕

CIW（Certified Internet Webmaster）培训认证是目前针对网络专业人员的国际权威培训认证之一（中国官方网站http://www.CWchina,com/）.是全球发展最快的中立认证培训，根据全球两大考试机构VUE和Prometric提供的资格表明，CIW认证在美国已位居考试量第二位，     

具有Ni-Cr结合涂覆层无粘结剂的铜——聚酰亚胺基板

聚酰亚胺基板上的无粘结剂的铜将普遍应用于精细导线和高密度电子互连的领域。医疗、硬盘驱动和COF(chip on flex)应用上往往要求线宽/间距(L/S)为50μm(2mil)或更精细。无粘结剂材料将有利     

Surfactant studies of quaternary ammonium compounds: Critical surfactant concentration

Quaternary ammonium salts (otherwise known as “quats”) commonly form the foundation of formulations in the antimicrobial industry. Although many studies have been conducted on the surfactant and biological aspects of single-component systems, there are few studies concerning the surfactant or biological efficacy of these compounds in multiple-component formulations. Preliminary data using simple emulsion studies with decane were determined to be inadequate. Several inexpensive ways to determine critical surfactant concentrations were developed with limited resources.     

Hydraulic Resistance in Grass Swales Designed for Small Flow Conveyance

Grass swales, originally used for erosion control in agricultural settings, are now widely employed in urban environments as an effective best management practice for controlling pollutants in stormwater runoff. In particular, vegetated swales are quite successful in removing heavy metal concentrations when the depth of flow is small relative to grass height. However, guidance materials currently available for design of vegetated channels focus on larger depths of flow (large flow conveyance/erosion control), and for such conditions the hydraulic resistance exerted by the vegetation can be significantly different than that observed when the depth of flow is small (remediation). Utilizing a series of laboratory channels, small-flow retardance curves have been developed in the present work for Bluegrass, Centipede, and Zoysia grass species. These “small-flow” curves extend the well-known Stillwater n versus VR diagram by approximately 1 order of magnitude, to smaller values of VR. Experimental results should provide valuable design guidance to those faced with the need to hydraulically design a swale intended for shallow depths of flow.     

Chemical cues for surface colonization

Colonization of surfaces in marine benthic environments is often one of the most significant moments in the life history of benthic organisms, representing, for example, a change from a planktonic to a benthic existence, a shift from a mobile to a sessile life form, or the initiation of pathogenesis. Many of the surfaces that are colonized are, in fact, other marine organisms, and in a general sense there is widespread evidence that specific chemical cues derived from marine organisms affect colonization by both marine prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, detailed information for any one system on the nature of such cues, their distribution in situ, and their effects on the demography of colonizers is rare. Here, we selectively review the literature on chemical cues for colonization in the sea, focussing on contrasts between positive (inducers) and negative (inhibitors, deterrents) cues and on prokaryote/eukaryote interactions. We also consider whether generalized life history or natural history characteristics of colonizers (i.e., the mobility of a propagule, the extent to which a species is a habitat generalist or specialist, etc.) affect their response to chemical cues, and we touch briefly on some recent highlights relevant to the critical interplay between hydrodynamics and chemistry. A number of important methodological concerns are now being addressed through the introduction of field assays and analyses for chemical cues, and through molecular techniques for the characterization of microbial biofilms. These developments are encouraging, as is the increasingly multidisciplinary and cross-taxonomic approach to research in this area.