21世纪初ICRP建议书草案

在过去的几年中，国际放射防护委员会鼓励对其计划将于2005年发表的下一个建议书表述辐射防护理念的最佳方式开展讨论。现在的建议书是由1990年发表的第60号出版物提出的，而且得到过去12年里发表的其它出版物的补充。现在显然委员会有必要总结在大约10个报告中推荐的数值数量的完整性。本文将完成这项工作，并由此而表明前进方向，提出一个简明且比较一致的21世纪初防护理念的表述。当然并不意在进行根本的修改，而是建议对现行政策做出连贯一致的表述，对其应用进行简化。     

Speech-as-data technologies for personal information devices

 For small, portable devices, speech input has the advantages of low-cost and small hardware, can be used on the move or whilst the eyes & hands are busy, and is natural and quick. Rather than rely on imperfect speech recognition we propose that information entered as speech is kept as speech and suitable tools are provided to allow quick and easy access to the speech-as-data records. This paper summarises our work on the technologies needed for these tools – for organising, browsing, searching and compressing the stored speech. These technologies go a long way towards giving stored speech the characteristics of text without the associated input problems. Received: 5 March 2002 / Accepted: 1 September 2002 Nick Haddock Consultant Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the whole HP Labs Gryphon team for their valuable contributions to this work - Mike Collins for the hierarchical chunking algorithm, Erik Geelhoed and David Frohlich for the users perspective, Richard Hull for starting off the compression work, Steve Loughran for productisation, and Dave Reynolds for his consistent advice and support. We would also like to thank our partners at Cambridge University, Steve Young and Tony Robinson, whose expertise and technology formed the foundation for this work, as well as the efforts of Kate Knill on wordspotting, Carl Seymour on compression, James Christie on recognition, and Robin Valenza whose brief excursion into the world of speech technology helped develop a simple and effective summarisation technique. Finally we would like to thank the reviewers for their many helpful comments.     

Preparation and characterisation of titanium dioxide films for catalytic applications generated by anodic spark deposition

The advanced plasma electrochemical process of anodic spark deposition (ASD) was used to generate photoactive titanium dioxide films on titanium metal substrates. A shift to easier-to-machine substrates was demonstrated by the deposition of a titanium film with physical vapour deposition onto different materials such as glass, silicon, and stainless steel prior to ASD. Obtained films were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, surface area measurement (Brunnauer-Emmett-Teller method, BET), X-ray diffraction, electron-probe microanalysis, and glow discharge spectroscopy. Additionally, film thickness was determined by eddy current measurements. Standard ASD conditions were defined as 180 V applied voltage over a 180 s hold time, a voltage ramp of 20 V/s, a duty cycle of 0.5 and a frequency of 1500 Hz. Most prominent characteristics of the titanium films produced under these standard conditions are a film thickness of ≤80 μm, a surface area of approximately 51 m²/g (BET) and an anatase content of approximately 30% and rutile content of approximately 70%. Furthermore, the film formation process is elucidated and the dependence of film thickness on deposition time and the dependence of the anatase and rutile content on the deposited mass are shown for varying ASD conditions.     

A Diffusion Model Analysis of the Effects of Aging in the Lexical-Decision Task.

The effects of aging on response time (RT) are examined in 2 lexical-decision experiments with young and older subjects (age 60-75). The results show that the older subjects were slower than the young subjects, but more accurate. R. Ratcliff s (1978) diffusion model provided a good account of RTs, their distributions, and response accuracy. The fits show an 80-100-ms slowing of the nondecision components of RT for older subjects relative to young subjects and more conservative decision criterion settings for older subjects than for young subjects. The rates of accumulation of evidence were not significantly different for older compared with young subjects (less than 2% and 5% higher for older subjects relative to young subjects in the 2 experiments). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An Exploratory Examination of Student Attitudes Toward "Impaired" Peers in Clinical Psychology Training Programs.

Do psychology students view their training programs as doing enough to appropriately identify, accommodate, and possibly dismiss students who manifest significant impairment? This study reports the general findings of an exploratory survey distributed to clinical psychology graduate students. Overall, students viewed impairment as a highly sensitive and inadequately addressed issue. Students commonly reported frustration with and concern for impaired colleagues. A few respondents indicated that the terms impaired and problem student were insensitive and that greater attention needed to be given to "impaired" training contexts. Implications regarding formal standards for interpersonal functioning and programmatic supports for students are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Trends,codes and virus attacks - 2003 year in review

A shortlist of the most memorable events of 2003 will undoubtedly include the demise of Saddam Hussein's regime but what will surely be omitted from most top 10s is the continuing threat posed by malware — viruses and other malicious code – and the nuisance of spam messaging. These omissions are made despite worrying developments in mass mail worms, blended threats and increasing spam complexity.     

In situ observation of phosphorous and non-phosphorous antiwear films using a mini traction machine with spacer layer image mapping

Since 1940s the principal source of an antiwear additive in crankcase applications has been due to a family of additives known as zinc dialkydithiophosphate (ZDDP). In this study, we have applied a novel technique, the mini traction machine with spacer layer image mapping (MTM SLIM), to study film formation characteristics of monoblend oils containing only basestock and ZDDP and also fully forrmulated oils containing a boron antiwear additive. The purpose of this study was initially to understand the build up of ZDDP film and then to establish whether boron compounds alone could provide significant antiwear films under mixed rolling and sliding contact.     

An invariant subspace‐based approach to the random eigenvalue problem of systems with clustered spectrum

The repeated or closely spaced eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of a matrix are usually very sensitive to a perturbation of the matrix, which makes capturing the behavior of these eigenpairs very difficult. Similar difficulty is encountered in solving the random eigenvalue problem when a matrix with random elements has a set of clustered eigenvalues in its mean. In addition, the methods to solve the random eigenvalue problem often differ in characterizing the problem, which leads to different interpretations of the solution. Thus, the solutions obtained from different methods become mathematically incomparable. These two issues, the difficulty of solving and the non‐unique characterization, are addressed here. A different approach is used where instead of tracking a few individual eigenpairs, the corresponding invariant subspace is tracked. The spectral stochastic finite element method is used for analysis, where the polynomial chaos expansion is used to represent the random eigenvalues and eigenvectors. However, the main concept of tracking the invariant subspace remains mostly independent of any such representation. The approach is successfully implemented in response prediction of a system with repeated natural frequencies. It is found that tracking only an invariant subspace could be sufficient to build a modal‐based reduced‐order model of the system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ultrananocrystalline Diamond-Coated Microporous Silicon Nitride Membranes for Medical Implant Applications

Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) exhibits excellent biological and mechanical properties, which make it an appropriate choice for promoting epidermal cell migration on the surfaces of percutaneous implants. We deposited a ~150 nm thick UNCD film on a microporous silicon nitride membrane using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to examine the pore structure and chemical bonding of this material, respectively. Growth of human epidermal keratinocytes on UNCD-coated microporous silicon nitride membranes and uncoated microporous silicon nitride membranes was compared using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results show that the UNCD coating did not significantly alter the viability of human epidermal keratinocytes, indicating potential use of this material for improving skin sealing around percutaneous implants.