Clinical supervision from the standpoint of cognitive-behavior therapy.

This article presents an approach to supervising cognitive-behavior therapists that is closely related to the process and content of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). The goal of CBT is to help therapists adopt the philosophy of CBT as the basic approach for changing clients' cognitions, emotions, and behaviors. A secondary goal is to teach therapists specific techniques. The seven major features of CBT and their implications for supervision are described: therapy as a meaning-making process; systematic and goal directed therapy; practicing and experiencing; therapy as a collaborative effort; person-focused therapy; the therapists as a facilitator of change and development; and empowerment of the client with self-change skills. Some of the major dilemmas and constraints in CBT supervision that are derived from adapting the principles of therapy to supervision are discussed as well as the need for supervision outcome research and recommendations for its implementation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Diseases of hope and the work of despair.

Discusses hope as not always an asset for the client or the psychotherapist: many difficult conditions can be described as diseases of hope. Hope becomes diseased partially as a function of its unlikelihood, but also when it leads to disparagement of the present, to mindless sacrifices, and to rigid attitudes or behaviors. The authors present the work of despair as a viable option in psychotherapy, claiming that, when the client displays signs of suffering from a disease of hope, the therapist may suggest that a "course of constructive despair" might serve as an antidote. This seeming oxymoron turns out to be surprisingly acceptable to clients. Case material is presented to illustrate the technique. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of hemoperfusion of clearance of gentamicin, cephalothin, and clindamycon from plasma of normal dogs

Nine normal dogs were divided into three groups of three. Group 1 was given an overdose of gentamicin; group 2, cephalothin; and group 3, clindamycin. Group 1 had hemoperfusion with Amberlite XE-336, and groups 2 and 3 with Amberlite XAD-4 resin adsorbents, for 6 hr with a blood flow rate of 300 ml/min. The plasma clearance and removal rates of antibiotics by the hemoperfusion columns were high. The clearance rate of gentamicin from plasma (mean +/- standard deviation) ranged from 59 +/- 30 to 199 +/- 6 ml/min, of cephalothin from 66 +/- 14 to 157 +/- 8 ml/min, and of clindamycin from 55 +/- 9 to 125 +/- 16 ml/min. Of the total dose of antibiotic administered, the hemoperfusion columns removed 67% from theplasma in group 1, 41% in group 2, and 18% in group 3. The fact that antibiotics may be rapidly removed from the blood during hemoperfusion should be considered in calculation of the therapeutic dose of antibiotic required for patients who receive this preocedure. Also, hemoperfusion can effectively and rapidly remove certain antibiotics from the blood of patients who have had a potentially toxic overdose.     

On choosing between movement sequences: Comments on Rose (1988).

One method of investigating human motor programming is to determine how the choice reaction time (RT) for a memorized response sequence depends on the composition of that sequence as well as the other sequence that may be required. Using this method, D. J. Rose (see record 1989-10711-001) found that the total number of responses in the two possible response sequences predicts the choice RT to initiate either one. On the basis of this result, Rose claimed that the hierarchical editor (HED) model of motor programming, developed by D. A. Rosenbaum et al (see record 1985-16402-001), may have to be reevaluated. It is argued that (1) Rose's results are inconsistent with a precursor of the HED model, not with the HED model itself; (2) the HED model actually provides a better fit to Rose's data than her total-number-of-responses model; (3) choice RT does not increase with the total number of possible responses; and (4) structural relations between alternative movement sequences are the main determinants of choice RT. Results suggest that possible responses are not held in completely readied form before being selected for execution. A further implication is that the storage capacity of the motor output buffer is extremely limited. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mental health service use among young children receiving pediatric primary care

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors associated with mental health service use among young children. METHOD: Five hundred ten preschool children aged 2 through 5 years were enrolled through 68 primary care physicians, with 388 (76% of the original sample) participating in a second wave of data collection, 12 to 40 months later. Consensus DSM-III-R diagnoses were assigned using best-estimate procedures. The test battery included the Child Behavior Checklist, a developmental evaluation, the Rochester Adaptive Behavior Inventory, and a videotaped play session (preschool children) or structured interviews (older children). At wave 2, mothers completed a survey of mental health services their child had received. RESULTS: In logistic regression models, older children, children with a wave 1 DSM-III-R diagnosis, children with more total behavior problems and family conflict, and children receiving a pediatric referral were more likely to receive mental health services. Among children with a DSM-III-R diagnosis, more mental health services were received by children who were older, white, more impaired, experiencing more family conflict, and referred by a pediatrician. CONCLUSIONS: Young children with more impairment and family conflict are more likely to enter into treatment. Services among young children of different races with diagnoses are not equally distributed. Pediatric referral is an important predictor of service use.     

Uptake of seven myocardial tracers during increased myocardial blood flow by dobutamine infusion

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Direct comparison of myocardial perfusion tracers has been made difficult by variability in experimental models, and by a virtual absence of data comparing tracer uptake to myocardial blood flow under conditions of increased myocardial oxygen consumption, similar to what occurs with dynamic exercise. METHODS: Tracer uptake versus myocardial blood flow was evaluated for thallium-201 (201TI) and six technetium-99m (99mTc) myocardial-imaging agents in 24 open-chest canines with an occluded left-anterior descending coronary artery during dobutamine infusion. Data were fitted to the exponential model y = ax(1 - exp[-PSc/x]), where y is the tissue tracer/g normalized to normal (activity at 1 mL/minute/g) and x is the blood flow measured by the radioactive microsphere method. RESULTS: With dobutamine, myocardial tracer uptake was linear across a wide range of ischemic and hyperemic flows for each tracer. Based on the permeability surface area product, 201TI and 99mTc Q3 provided the best tracer estimate of myocardial blood flow (5.30+/-0.86 mL/minute/g, r = 0.91; 5.46+/-0.58 mL/minute/g, r = 0.94, respectively). Correlation coefficient (r) values for other tracers studied were 99mTc Q4 (r =0.93), 99mTc Q12 (r = 0.93), 99mTc sestamibi (r = 0.90), 99mTc tetrofosmin (r = 0.96), and 99mTc-N-Noet (r = 0.82). CONCLUSIONS: Of the 99mTc tracers examined under conditions of dobutamine-altered myocardial contractility, the myocardial uptake properties of 99mTc Q3 were most similar to those of 201TI.     

Electronic Transport Properties of Speer Carbon Resistors—Experimental Results and Semi-empirical Fits

Speer carbon composition resistors, in particular the 470 and 220 1/2 W grade 1002 resistors, have been used as secondary thermometers at temperatures below 4 K for many years. Their zero field resistances have been measured between 300 K and 4 K using a dip probe. Above 10 K, the resistance behavior can be explained using a simple temperature power law, R(T) R₀/T^0.16. The resistance measurements have been extended to 0.02 K using dilution refrigerators. Between 4 K and 0.3 K, the resistances exhibited activated laws having hopping exponents y 0.5. Below 0.3 K, the 470 resistors exhibit a crossover to a weaker activated law. Crossover resistance expressions suggest that the resistances follow a Mott variable-range hopping (VRH) law below 0.05 K. The low temperature magnetoresistance (MR) data showed changes of less than ±12 % of the zero field resistance values in fields up to 10 T. Fits using the wave function shrinkage and the forward interference models gave only fair agreement with the MR data.     

Very Low Temperature Electronic Transport in Al-Pd-Re Quasicrystalline Alloys

Electrical resistivities of two icosahedral (I) Al-Pd-Re alloys have been measured between room temperature and mK temperatures. One quasicrystalline (QC) polygrain Al-Pd-Re sample exhibited insulating behavior in its resistivities, increasing by a factor of r=R(4 K)/R(300 K)=7.76; its room temperature resistivity was 9,890 μΩ cm. A “phenomenological” expression fitted the conductivity data well between 300 K to 0.5 K. Below 0.4 K a crossover to an activated variable-range hopping law was observed. Low temperature magnetoresistance ratio data and fits using the wave function shrinkage theory are presented. A second QC Al-Pd-Re sample had a small resistance temperature ratio r=2.12. The room temperature resistivity was extremely large, ρ(300 K)≈40,980 μΩ cm. Its conductivity could be described well using a simple temperature power law between 300 K to 20 K. Below 20 K there was a crossover to a new behavior. Below 1 K, the conductivity could be fitted using a very weakly insulating power law where σ(T)≈11.37T ^0.032 in (Ω cm)⁻¹, suggesting that this sample is located just below the metal-insulator transition. The magnetoconductivity data could not be fitted successfully using the 3D weak localization (WL) theory and inserting into it physical and realistic fitting magnitudes for the inelastic magnetic field B _in.      

The Cinderella of Psychology: The Neglect of Motor Control in the Science of Mental Life and Behavior.

One would expect psychology--the science of mental life and behavior--to place great emphasis on the means by which mental life is behaviorally expressed. Surprisingly, however, the study of how decisions are enacted--the focus of motor control research--has received little attention in psychology. This article documents the neglect and considers possible reasons for it. The hypotheses considered include three that are raised and then rejected: (a) no famous psychologists have studied motor control, (b) cognitive psychologists are mainly interested in uniquely human functions, and (c) motor control is simply too hard to study. Three other hypotheses are more viable: (d) cognitive psychologists have been more interested in epistemology than in action, (e) psychologists have disfavored motor control because overt responses were the only admissible measure in behaviorism, and (f) psychologists have felt that neuroscientists have the market cornered when it comes to motor control research. There are signs that motor control's Cinderella status is changing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)