Toward a theoretical conceptualization of the Whitehorn-Betz A-B scale.

Administered the Whitehorn-Betz A-B scale, the Sundland and Barker Therapist Orientation Questionnaire, and a biographical information blank to 30 male doctoral level counselors. Results of analyses indicate that (a) the therapist's orientation was independent of his A-B disposition; and (b) A therapists were socially dependent conforming, while B therapists were socially independent nonconforming. It is suggested that the results support a complementary hypothesis in which "the counselor is able to model the interpersonal and intrapersonal skills the client lacks." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Electromagnetic scattering from an extended laminar plasma column

This paper is concerned with examining in the laboratory the backscattering from a simplified ionized target in the form of an extended laminar plasma column. Measured results, compared with calculations based on a homogeneous model approximation that incorporates the measured electrical parameters of the column, show that the column scatters electromagnetic energy that is polarized with the electric vector along the axis of the column in the same manner as a homogeneous column of critical density with the column radius equal to that of the critical electron density contained within the column.     

Surface active agents from isopropenyl esters: Acylation of isethionic acid and N-methyltaurine

Acylation of sodium isethionate with isopropenyl stearate at 200 C for 30 min gave a 95% yield of sodium 2-sulfoethyl stearate, acetone being the only byproduct. Acylation of N-methyltaurine at 200 C for 90 min gave a 95% yield of N-methyl-N-(2-sulfoethyl) stearamide sodium salt. Corresponding surface active derivatives were also prepared from pelargonic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, oleic, phenylstearic and hydrogenated tallow fatty acids from their respective isopropenyl esters. Detergency, foam height, wetting time, lime soap dispersing power, critical micelle concentration and other surfactant properties were evaluated. Optimum properties were found at the C₁₄−C₁₈ fatty acid chain length. Unsaturation or branching increased solubility. The 2-sulfoethyl esters were similar to the N-methyl-N-(2-sulfoethyl) amides in foam height, wetting ability and lime soap dispersing power, superior to the N-methyl-N-(2-sulfoethyl) amides in detergency, but inferior in calcium stability and less stable to acid and alkali. Both compounds are readily biodegraded. The fatty isopropenyl ester synthesis has an advantage in yield and purity of the product and could increase the utilization of the 2-sulfoethyl esters and N-methyl-N-(2-sulfoethyl) amides in many applications. Presented at the ISF-AOCS Meeting in Chicago, September 1970. Deceased. E. Mark. Nutr. Res. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Study of the Transit-Time Limitations of the Impulse Response in Mid-Wave Infrared HgCdTe Avalanche Photodiodes

The impulse response in frontside-illuminated mid-wave infrared HgCdTe electron avalanche photodiodes (APDs) has been measured with localized photoexcitation at varying positions in the depletion layer. Gain measurements have shown an exponential gain, with a maximum value of M = 5000 for the diffusion current at a reverse bias of V _b = 12 V. When the light was injected in the depletion layer, the gain was reduced as the injection approached the N+ edge of the junction. The impulse response was limited by the diode series resistance–capacitance product, RC, due to the large capacitance of the diode metallization. Hence, the fall time is given by the RC constant, estimated as RC = 270 ps, and the rise time is due to the charging of the diode capacitance via the transit and multiplication of carriers in the depletion layer. The latter varies between t _10–90 = 20 ps (at intermediate gains M < 500) and t _10–90 = 70 ps (at M = 3500). The corresponding RC-limited bandwidth is BW = 600 MHz, which yields a new absolute record in gain–bandwidth product of GBW = 2.1 THz. The increase in rise time at high gains indicates the existence of a limit in the transit-time-limited gain–bandwidth product, GBW = 19 THz. The impulse response was modeled using a one-dimensional deterministic model, which allowed a quantitative analysis of the data in terms of the average velocity of electrons and holes. The fitting of the data yielded a saturation of the electron and hole velocity of v _e = 2.3 × 10⁷ cm/s and v _h = 1.0 × 10⁷ cm/s at electric fields E > 1.5 kV/cm. The increase in rise time at high bias is consistent with the results of Monte Carlo simulations and can be partly explained by a reduction of the electron saturation velocity due to frequent impact ionization. Finally, the model was used to predict the bandwidth in diodes with shorter RC = 5 ps, giving BW = 16 GHz and BW = 21 GHz for x _j = 4 μm and x _j = 2 μm, respectively, for a gain of M = 100.     

Planar p-on-n HgCdTe FPAs by Arsenic Ion Implantation

This paper reviews recent developments in the characterization of planar p-on-n photodiodes fabricated from long- and mid-wavelength Hg_1−x Cd _x Te at␣the Electronics and Information Technology Laboratory (LETI). The Hg_1−x Cd _x Te epitaxial layers were grown by both liquid-phase and molecular-beam epitaxy. Planar p-on-n photodiodes were fabricated by arsenic implantation into an indium-doped Hg_1−x Cd _x Te base layer. Electro-optical characterization on these p-on-n photodiodes showed low leakage currents (shunt resistance > 10 GΩ) and mean R ₀ A values comparable to the state of the art, i.e., equal to 5000 Ω cm² at λ _c = 9.3 μm (λ _c: cutoff wavelength). Results of focal-plane arrays operating in both the long-wavelength infrared (IR) and middle-wavelength IR bands are reported, with noise equivalent delta temperature and responsivity values at λ _c = 9.3 μm in excess of 99.64%. These results demonstrate the viability and technological maturity of both material growth and device processing.     

When planning is needed: Implementation intentions and attainment of approach versus avoidance health goals.

Objective: This study tested whether forming implementation intentions is an effective strategy for attaining health goals focused on trying to avoid a negative state. Design: Participants chose to either eat more healthy snacks (i.e., an approach goal) or eat fewer unhealthy snacks (i.e., an avoidance goal) over two weeks and were randomly assigned to create an implementation intention to do this or not. Main outcome measures: The authors measured fat and calorie intake after one week and after two weeks. Results: After two weeks, the participants who ate most unhealthily were those who pursued an avoidance goal and did not form an implementation intention. Conclusion: These results suggest that forming implementation intentions for avoidance goal pursuit can help people attain important health goals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effect of scale and interfacial tension on liquid–liquid dispersion in in-line Silverson rotor–stator mixers

The effect of scale, processing conditions, interfacial tension and viscosity of the dispersed phase on power draw and drop size distributions in three in-line Silverson rotor–stator mixers was investigated with the aim to determine the most appropriate scaling up parameter. The largest mixer was a factory scale device, whilst the smallest was a laboratory scale mixer. All the mixers were geometrically similar and were fitted with double rotors and standard double emulsor stators. 1 wt.% silicone oils with viscosities of 9.4 mPa s and 339 mPa s in aqueous solutions of surfactant or ethanol were emulsified in single and multiple pass modes. The effect of rotor speed, flow rate, dispersed phase viscosity, interfacial tension and scale on drop size distributions was investigated.